Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25422394›Full record

Trial reportThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2015

Pilot cluster randomized controlled trials to evaluate adoption of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions and their combination in rural western Kenya.

Garret Christensen, Holly N Dentz, Amy J Pickering, Tomoé Bourdier, Benjamin F Arnold, John M Colford, Clair Null

Open access · bronzeAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 20% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Garret ChristensenRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California garret@berkeley.edu.
Holly N DentzRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Amy J PickeringRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Tomoé BourdierRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Benjamin F ArnoldRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
John M ColfordRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Clair NullRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Innovations for Poverty Action, Busia, Kenya; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Innovations for Poverty Action · USResearch for Action · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In preparation for a larger trial, the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Benefits pilot study enrolled 72 villages and 499 subjects in two closely related randomized trials of WASH interventions in rural western Kenya. Intervention households received hardware and promotion for one of the following: water treatment, sanitation and latrine improvements, handwashing with soap, or the combination of all three. Interventions were clustered by village. A follow-up survey was conducted 4 months after intervention delivery to assess uptake. Intervention households were significantly more likely than controls to have chlorinated stored water (36-60 percentage point increases), covers over latrine drop holes (55-75 percentage point increases), less stool visible on latrine floors (16-47 percentage point reductions), and a place for handwashing (71-85 percentage point increases) with soap available (49-66 percentage point increases). The high uptake in all arms shows that combined interventions can achieve high short-term adoption rates if well-designed.

Indexed as

HygieneAdultChild, PreschoolCommunicable Disease ControlDiarrheaDiarrhea, InfantileFamily CharacteristicsHand DisinfectionHealth PromotionHumansInfantInfant, NewbornKenyaPilot ProjectsSanitationToilet Facilities

Identifiers

PMID25422394
PMCPMC4347353
OpenAlexW2035863804

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.