ArticleJournal of dental research2015
The clustering effects of surfaces within the tooth and teeth within individuals.
Article in Journal of dental research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effect of Self-Assembling Peptide on White Spot Lesions in Orthodontic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of various interventions for the management of white spot lesions associated with fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Single-visit or multiple-visit root canal treatment: systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.BMJ open · 2017Pooled it
- One-year clinical evaluation of a giomer-based injectable composite compared with a highly viscous glass-ionomer cement in restoring class II cavities of primary molars: a randomized clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2026Trial
- Randomized Clinical Trial on Caries Prevention of Silver Diamine Fluoride.Journal of dental research · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of nanosilver fluoride and silver diamine fluoride in arresting early childhood caries: a randomized controlled clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2024Trial
- Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride varnish combined with mother's motivational interviewing for arresting early childhood caries: a randomized clinical trial.BMC oral health · 2023Trial
- Is Silver Diamine Fluoride Effective in Arresting Enamel Caries? A Randomized Clinical Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Randomized Clinical Trial of 12% and 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride Treatment.Journal of dental research · 2018Trial
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Panoramic Radiography for Assessing Maxillary Posterior Root Protrusion into the Maxillary Sinus: A Cluster-Adjusted Prediction Model Using CBCT as Reference.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Time-dependent adaptation and clinical efficacy of complete dentures: evidence from a Bayesian mixed-effects model.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Reevaluating statistical methods for proportion-based laboratory outcomes in assisted reproduction.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Review
- An online sample size calculator for designing partially clustered trials.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2026Article
- Prognostic factors affecting probing depth reduction following non‑surgical periodontal therapy in patients with periodontitis: A linear mixed‑effects model analysis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in clinical and translational research in endodontics: A comprehensive overview.Brazilian dental journal · 2025Review
- A data-driven method for surgeon-specific difficulty assessment in third molar extraction.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Unaccounted clustering assumptions still compromise inferences in cluster randomized trials in orthodontic research.Korean journal of orthodontics · 2024Article
- A novel deep learning-based perspective for tooth numbering and caries detection.Clinical oral investigations · 2024Article
- Spontaneous space closure after extraction of young first permanent molar. Retrospective cohort study.PeerJ · 2024Article
- Resin Infiltration of Non-Cavitated Proximal Caries Lesions in Primary and Permanent Teeth: A Systematic Review and Scenario Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to provide an estimate of the value of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for dental caries data at tooth and surface level, 2) to provide an estimate of the design effect (DE) to be used in the determination of sample size estimates for future dental surveys, and 3) to explore the usefulness of multilevel modeling of cross-sectional survey data by comparing the model estimates derived from multilevel and single-level models. Using data from the United Kingdom Adult Dental Health Survey 2009, the ICC and DE were calculated for surfaces within a tooth, teeth within the individual, and surfaces within the individual. Simple and multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed with the outcome variables carious tooth or surface. ICC estimated that 10% of the variance in surface caries is attributable to the individual level and 30% of the variance in surfaces caries is attributable to variation between teeth within individuals. When comparing multilevel with simple logistic models, β values were 4 to 5 times lower and the standard error 2 to 3 times lower in multilevel models. All the fit indices showed multilevel models were a better fit than simple models. The DE was 1.4 for the clustering of carious surfaces within teeth, 6.0 for carious teeth within an individual, and 38.0 for carious surfaces within the individual. The ICC for dental caries data was 0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.204-0.220) at the tooth level and 0.30 (95% CI, 0.284-0.305) at the surface level. The DE used for sample size calculation for future dental surveys will vary on the level of clustering, which is important in the analysis-the DE is greatest when exploring the clustering of surfaces within individuals. Failure to consider the effect of clustering on the design and analysis of epidemiological trials leads to an overestimation of the impact of interventions and the importance of risk factors in predicting caries outcome.
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