ArticleStatistics in medicine2015
Adaptive pair-matching in randomized trials with unbiased and efficient effect estimation.
Article in Statistics in medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01864603 (Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sleeping for Two: a randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in pregnancy.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2025Trial
- The impacts of task shifting on the management and treatment of malnourished children in Northern Kenya: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.Health policy and planning · 2024Trial
- The Long-Term Dietitian and Psychological Support of Obese Patients Who Have Reduced Their Weight Allows Them to Maintain the Effects.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Hypertension control in integrated HIV and chronic disease clinics in Uganda in the SEARCH study.BMC public health · 2019Trial
- AI avatars in education: effects on knowledge acquisition, academic motivation, and cognitive load.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Causal inference in randomized trials with partial clustering.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2025Article
- Defining and estimating effects in cluster randomized trials: A methods comparison.Statistics in medicine · 2023Review
- Two-Stage TMLE to reduce bias and improve efficiency in cluster randomized trials.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Demystifying Statistical Inference When Using Machine Learning in Causal Research.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Richard Cabot, pair-matched random allocation, and the attempt to compare like with like in the social sciences and medicine. Part 1: the context of the social sciences.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2021Article
- Futility of Cluster Designs at Individual Hospitals to Study Surgical Site Infections and Interventions Involving the Installation of Capital Equipment in Operating Rooms.Journal of medical systems · 2020Article
- The PRogram In Support of Moms (PRISM): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of two active interventions addressing perinatal depression in obstetric settings.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Article
- Qualitative research on community experiences in large HIV research trials: what have we learned?Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2018Article
- "All Generalizations Are Dangerous, Even This One."-Alexandre Dumas.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2017Article
- Adaptive pre-specification in randomized trials with and without pair-matching.Statistics in medicine · 2016Article
- Targeted estimation and inference for the sample average treatment effect in trials with and without pair-matching.Statistics in medicine · 2016Article
- A hybrid mobile approach for population-wide HIV testing in rural east Africa: an observational study.The lancet. HIV · 2016Observational
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In randomized trials, pair-matching is an intuitive design strategy to protect study validity and to potentially increase study power. In a common design, candidate units are identified, and their baseline characteristics used to create the best n/2 matched pairs. Within the resulting pairs, the intervention is randomized, and the outcomes measured at the end of follow-up. We consider this design to be adaptive, because the construction of the matched pairs depends on the baseline covariates of all candidate units. As a consequence, the observed data cannot be considered as n/2 independent, identically distributed pairs of units, as common practice assumes. Instead, the observed data consist of n dependent units. This paper explores the consequences of adaptive pair-matching in randomized trials for estimation of the average treatment effect, conditional the baseline covariates of the n study units. By avoiding estimation of the covariate distribution, estimators of this conditional effect will often be more precise than estimators of the marginal effect. We contrast the unadjusted estimator with targeted minimum loss based estimation and show substantial efficiency gains from matching and further gains with adjustment. This work is motivated by the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health study, an ongoing community randomized trial to evaluate the impact of immediate and streamlined antiretroviral therapy on HIV incidence in rural East Africa.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.