ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2015
Serum SNTF Increases in Concussed Professional Ice Hockey Players and Relates to the Severity of Postconcussion Symptoms.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repetitive Head Impacts During Contact Sports and Fluid Biomarkers of Neural Damage: A Meta-analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Potential Blood-based Biomarkers for Concussion.Sports medicine and arthroscopy review · 2016Pooled it
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change is associated with highest stage limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Sex differences in the extent of acute axonal pathologies after experimental concussion.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
- An overview of preclinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI): relevance to pathophysiological mechanisms.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Calpain-2 Inhibitors as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Review
- An Activity-Based Nanosensor for Minimally-Invasive Measurement of Protease Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced functional materials · 2023Article
- Concussion leads to widespread axonal sodium channel loss and disruption of the node of Ranvier.Acta neuropathologica · 2022Article
- Post-Concussion Syndrome and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Narrative Review on the Neuropathology, Neuroimaging and Fluid Biomarkers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Targeting the Extracellular Matrix in Traumatic Brain Injury Increases Signal Generation from an Activity-Based Nanosensor.ACS nano · 2021Article
- Modeling links softening of myelin and spectrin scaffolds of axons after a concussion to increased vulnerability to repeated injuries.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Electrochemical sensing of blood proteins for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnostics and prognostics: towards a point-of-care application.RSC advances · 2021Review
- Early versus Late Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Association with Neuropsychological Outcomes.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Article
- Calpain-1 and Calpain-2 in the Brain: New Evidence for a Critical Role of Calpain-2 in Neuronal Death.Cells · 2020Review
- Calpain-2 as a therapeutic target in repeated concussion-induced neuropathy and behavioral impairment.Science advances · 2020Article
- A Prospective Study of Acute Blood-Based Biomarkers for Sport-Related Concussion.Annals of neurology · 2020Article
- Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2020Review
- Serum SNTF, a Surrogate Marker of Axonal Injury, Is Prognostic for Lasting Brain Dysfunction in Mild TBI Treated in the Emergency Department.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Testosterone Administration after Traumatic Brain Injury Reduces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration.Journal of neurotrauma · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Biomarkers for diffuse axonal injury could have utilities for the acute diagnosis and clinical care of concussion, including those related to sports. The calpain-derived αII-spectrin N-terminal fragment (SNTF) accumulates in axons after traumatic injury and increases in human blood after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in relation to white matter abnormalities and persistent cognitive dysfunction. However, SNTF has never been evaluated as a biomarker for sports-related concussion. Here, we conducted longitudinal analysis of serum SNTF in professional ice hockey players, 28 of whom had a concussion, along with 45 players evaluated during the preseason, 17 of whom were also tested after a concussion-free training game. Compared with preseason levels, serum SNTF increased at 1 h after concussion and remained significantly elevated from 12 h to 6 days, before declining to preseason baseline. In contrast, serum SNTF levels were unchanged after training. In 8 players, postconcussion symptoms resolved within a few days, and in these cases serum SNTF levels were at baseline. On the other hand, for the 20 players withheld from play for 6 days or longer, serum SNTF levels rose from 1 h to 6 days postconcussion, and at 12-36 h differed significantly from the less-severe concussions (p=0.004). Serum SNTF exhibited diagnostic accuracy for concussion, especially so with delayed return to play (area under the curve=0.87). Multi-variate analyses of serum SNTF and tau improved the diagnostic accuracy, the relationship with the delay in return to play, and the temporal window beyond tau alone. These results provide evidence that blood SNTF, a biomarker for axonal injury after mTBI, may be useful for diagnosis and prognosis of sports-related concussion, as well as for guiding neurobiologically informed decisions on return to play.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.