Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25416061›Full record

ArticleBiology open2014

Protein interference applications in cellular and developmental biology using DARPins that recognize GFP and mCherry.

Michael Brauchle, Simon Hansen, Emmanuel Caussinus, Anna Lenard, Amanda Ochoa-Espinosa, Oliver Scholz, Simon G Sprecher, Andreas Plückthun, Markus Affolter

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biology open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  8. DARPin-induced reactivation of p53 in HPV-positive cells.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025
    Article
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  20. Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of Small Proteins for PotentACS applied materials & interfaces · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Michael BrauchleBiozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland Department of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemi du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
Simon HansenDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Emmanuel CaussinusBiozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
Anna LenardBiozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
Amanda Ochoa-EspinosaBiozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
Oliver ScholzDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Simon G SprecherDepartment of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemi du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
Andreas PlückthunDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland plueckthun@bioc.uzh.ch Markus.Affolter@unibas.ch.
Markus AffolterBiozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland plueckthun@bioc.uzh.ch Markus.Affolter@unibas.ch.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Protein-protein interactions are crucial for cellular homeostasis and play important roles in the dynamic execution of biological processes. While antibodies represent a well-established tool to study protein interactions of extracellular domains and secreted proteins, as well as in fixed and permeabilized cells, they usually cannot be functionally expressed in the cytoplasm of living cells. Non-immunoglobulin protein-binding scaffolds have been identified that also function intracellularly and are now being engineered for synthetic biology applications. Here we used the Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) scaffold to generate binders to fluorescent proteins and used them to modify biological systems directly at the protein level. DARPins binding to GFP or mCherry were selected by ribosome display. For GFP, binders with KD as low as 160 pM were obtained, while for mCherry the best affinity was 6 nM. We then verified in cell culture their specific binding in a complex cellular environment and found an affinity cut-off in the mid-nanomolar region, above which binding is no longer detectable in the cell. Next, their binding properties were employed to change the localization of the respective fluorescent proteins within cells. Finally, we performed experiments in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio and utilized these DARPins to either degrade or delocalize fluorescently tagged fusion proteins in developing organisms, and to phenocopy loss-of-function mutations. Specific protein binders can thus be selected in vitro and used to reprogram developmental systems in vivo directly at the protein level, thereby bypassing some limitations of approaches that function at the DNA or the RNA level.

Indexed as

DARPinGFPmCherryProtein interference

Identifiers

PMID25416061
PMCPMC4265764

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.