Trial reportJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)2015
Ex vivo-expanded natural killer cells demonstrate robust proliferation in vivo in high-risk relapsed multiple myeloma patients.
Trial report in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 179 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ex vivo expansion of natural killer cells for hematological cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Haploidentical Natural Killer Cells Infused before Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Myeloid Malignancies: A Phase I Trial.Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation · 2016Trial
- Article
- Natural killer cell cryopreservation: Influence of composition, temperature, and granules on post-thaw survival and function.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Cultivating Functional Natural Killer Cells from Mobilized Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Heavily Pretreated Hematologic Malignancies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Development of a novel GAK solution for efficient hypothermic preservation of NK cell viability and anti-tumor function.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Article
- Induction of stress granules alleviates programmed cell death induced by lysosomal damage during NK cell cryopreservation.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Integrative single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics reveal an immunometabolic framework for MSC-exosome-mediated remodeling of expanded NK cells.GigaScience · 2026Article
- NK92 cells stably transfected with CD16 are efficient against multiple myeloma cellsOncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Natural killer cells in adoptive cell therapy: current landscape of genetic engineering strategies.Oncoimmunology · 2025Review
- Engineered natural killer cells for cancer therapy.Cancer cell · 2025Review
- Allogeneic NK cells with a bispecific innate cell engager in refractory relapsed lymphoma: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Good manufacturing practice production of an off-the-shelf CD34Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Cytokines in Focus: IL-2 and IL-15 in NK Adoptive Cell Cancer Immunotherapy.Immune network · 2025Review
- "Live" cell shipment-a forward-looking transport option for cryo-sensitive cell-based therapies.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Engineering immunity with CAR-NK cells: advancing the frontiers of cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Protocol for isolation and expansion of natural killer cells from human peripheral blood scalable for clinical applications.Biology methods & protocols · 2025Article
- Natural killer cell biology and therapy in multiple myeloma: challenges and opportunities.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Comprehensive snapshots of natural killer cells functions, signaling, molecular mechanisms and clinical utilization.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Highly activated/expanded natural killer (NK) cells can be generated by stimulation with the human leukocyte antigen-deficient cell line K562, genetically modified to express 41BB-ligand and membrane-bound interleukin (IL)15. We tested the safety, persistence, and activity of expanded NK cells generated from myeloma patients (auto-NK) or haploidentical family donors (allo-NK) in heavily pretreated patients with high-risk relapsing myeloma. The preparative regimen comprised bortezomib only or bortezomib and immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, and fludarabine. NK cells were shipped overnight either cryopreserved or fresh. In 8 patients, up to 1×10⁸ NK cells/kg were infused on day 0 and followed by daily administrations of IL2. Significant in vivo expansion was observed only in the 5 patients receiving fresh products, peaking at or near day 7, with the highest NK-cell counts in 2 subjects who received cells produced in a high concentration of IL2 (500 U/mL). Seven days after infusion, donor NK cells comprised >90% of circulating leukocytes in fresh allo-NK cell recipients, and cytolytic activity against allogeneic myeloma targets was retained in vitro. Among the 7 evaluable patients, there were no serious adverse events that could be related to NK-cell infusion. One patient had a partial response and in another the tempo of disease progression decreased; neither patient required further therapy for 6 months. In the 5 remaining patients, disease progression was not affected by NK-cell infusion. In conclusion, infusion of large numbers of expanded NK cells was feasible and safe; infusing fresh cells was critical to their expansion in vivo.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.