ArticleJournal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)2015
PD-1/PD-L1 blockade together with vaccine therapy facilitates effector T-cell infiltration into pancreatic tumors.
Article in Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 269 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
269 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 394 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as an endpoint in cancer vaccine trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of PD-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis.The Journal of international medical research · 2020Pooled it
- Multicenter randomized controlled trial of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy alone or in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Trial
- NIPU: a randomised, open-label, phase II study evaluating nivolumab and ipilimumab combined with UV1 vaccination as second line treatment in patients with malignant mesothelioma.Journal of translational medicine · 2021Trial
- Evaluation of Cyclophosphamide/GVAX Pancreas Followed by Listeria-Mesothelin (CRS-207) with or without Nivolumab in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2020Trial
- A phase 2 study of GVAX colon vaccine with cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient advanced colorectal cancer.Cancer medicine · 2020Trial
- Immunohistological analysis of pancreatic carcinoma after vaccination with survivin 2B peptide: Analysis of an autopsy series.Cancer science · 2019Trial
- T cell receptor repertoire features associated with survival in immunotherapy-treated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.JCI insight · 2018Trial
- Review
- Cytometric Atlas of Combination Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Blood-Based Signatures Reveal Vaccine and Checkpoint Inhibitor Responses.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- The mechanism by which KAT2A increases the stability of CDC25A through acetylation to regulate glycolysis and mediate lung adenocarcinoma immune escape.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Advanced Human Immune Cell-Organoid Co-Cultures for Functional Testing of Cancer Nanovaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Exploring the role of immunotherapy and radiotherapy in the adjuvant landscape of resected pancreatic cancer.Translational gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Safety and immunologic impact of neoadjuvant/adjuvant GVAX, cyclophosphamide, pembrolizumab, and anti-CSF1R agent IMC-CS4 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prostate tumor immune microenvironment changes following immunotherapy shared by patients who developed anti-tumor response or immune-related adverse events.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- The tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer - new clinical challenges, but more opportunities.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Molecular characterization and prognostic implications of KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer patients: insights from multi-cohort analysis.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Article
- Interferon-α and thymosin-α1 plus tislelizumab enhance CD8iScience · 2025Article
- Personalized Cancer Vaccines in Combination Therapies: Current Status and Future Prospects.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Review
- A nanoparticle platform for the co-delivery of multiple antigen epitope peptides and STING agonist to lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2025Article
209 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a poor prognosis due to late detection and resistance to conventional therapies. Published studies show that the PDA tumor microenvironment is predominantly infiltrated with immune suppressive cells and signals that if altered, would allow effective immunotherapy. However, single-agent checkpoint inhibitors including agents that alter immune suppressive signals in other human cancers such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and its ligand PD-L1, have failed to demonstrate objective responses when given as single agents to PDA patients. We recently reported that inhibition of the CTLA-4 pathway when given together with a T cell inducing vaccine gives objective responses in metastatic PDA patients. In this study, we evaluated blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. We found that PD-L1 is weakly expressed at a low frequency in untreated human and murine PDAs but treatment with a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor secreting PDA vaccine (GVAX) significantly upregulates PD-L1 membranous expression after treatment of tumor-bearing mice. In addition, combination therapy with vaccine and PD-1 antibody blockade improved murine survival compared with PD-1 antibody monotherapy or GVAX therapy alone. Furthermore, PD-1 blockade increased effector CD8 T lymphocytes and tumor-specific interferon-γ production of CD8 T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Immunosuppressive pathways, including regulatory T cells and CTLA-4 expression on T cells were overcome by the addition of vaccine and low-dose cyclophosphamide to PD-1 blockade. Collectively, our study supports combining PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody therapy with a T cell inducing agent for PDA treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.