ReviewDiabetes2014
Insulin regulates brain function, but how does it get there?
Review in Diabetes, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 195 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between insulin resistance and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of human prefrontal cortex reveals activation of GFAP and decline of synaptic transmission in the aging brain.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2020Pooled it
- Central Nervous Insulin Signaling in Sleep-Associated Memory Formation and Neuroendocrine Regulation.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2016Trial
- Reduced uptake of 18F-FDG and 15O-H2O in Alzheimer's disease-related regions after glucose loading.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2015Trial
- High-Intensity Interval Training Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Is Associated with Altered Adipokine Signaling in the Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Hyperpolarized NMR study of the impact of alzheimer's disease on diabetes using a novel rat model.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Effect of a single exercise bout on fasting cerebral blood flow and brain insulin sensitivity in middle-aged to older adults.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Aptamer-Based Delivery of Genes and Drugs Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- TRPC5 controls the adrenaline-mediated counter regulation of hypoglycemia.The EMBO journal · 2024Article
- State of the Science on Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Decline Due to Alzheimer's Disease.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Insulin resistance in the retina: possible implications for certain ocular diseases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Hyperinsulinemia Impairs Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of the Insulin Receptor and Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Brain Endothelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Elevated serum leptin is associated with attenuated reward anticipation in major depressive disorder independent of peripheral C-reactive protein levels.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Could Alzheimer's disease be a maladaptation of an evolutionary survival pathway mediated by intracerebral fructose and uric acid metabolism?The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Review
- Diabetes: Risk factor and translational therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease.The European journal of neuroscience · 2022Article
- Evidence for preserved insulin responsiveness in the aging rat brain.GeroScience · 2022Article
- The contribution of astrocytes to obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.Journal of biomedical research · 2022Article
- New Insights into the Role of Insulin and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in the Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Insulin regulates neurovascular coupling through astrocytes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Induction of Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer's Molecular Changes by Western Diet.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We have learned over the last several decades that the brain is an important target for insulin action. Insulin in the central nervous system (CNS) affects feeding behavior and body energy stores, the metabolism of glucose and fats in the liver and adipose, and various aspects of memory and cognition. Insulin may even influence the development or progression of Alzheimer disease. Yet, a number of seemingly simple questions (e.g., What is the pathway for delivery of insulin to the brain? Is insulin's delivery to the brain mediated by the insulin receptor and is it a regulated process? Is brain insulin delivery affected by insulin resistance?) are unanswered. Here we briefly review accumulated findings affirming the importance of insulin as a CNS regulatory peptide, examine the current understanding of how peripheral insulin is delivered to the brain, and identify key gaps in the current understanding of this process.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.