Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25411288›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2014

Serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a short-term marker of dairy food intake, is inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes and its underlying disorders.

Ingrid D Santaren, Steven M Watkins, Angela D Liese, Lynne E Wagenknecht, Marian J Rewers, Steven M Haffner, Carlos Lorenzo, Anthony J Hanley

Open access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
71citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
10.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

71 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.

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  9. A Novel Function of Nonadecanoic Acid in Regulating Glucose Homeostasis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Ingrid D SantarenFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Steven M WatkinsFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Angela D LieseFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Lynne E WagenknechtFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Marian J RewersFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Steven M HaffnerFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Carlos LorenzoFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
Anthony J HanleyFrom the Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IDS and AJH); Lipomics, a Division of Metabolon Inc., West Sacramento, CA (SMW); the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (ADL); the Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (LEW); Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (MJR); the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX (SMH and CL); the Department of Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (AJH); and Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada (AJH).
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio · USUniversity of South Carolina · US

Funding

QUANTITATION OF FACTORS REGULATING GLUCOSE TOLERANCER01DK029867 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI MARILYN ADER · 1986 to 2026
$11.0M
INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)U01HL047887 · NHLBI · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY · PI WAGENKNECHT, LYNNE E · 1991 to 1999
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INSULIN RESISTANCE, HYPERGLYCEMIA AND ATHEROSCLEROSISU01HL047889 · NHLBI · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI SELBY, JOE V · 1991 to 1999
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INSULIN RESISTANCE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEU01HL047892 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI REWERS, MARIAN J. · 1991 to 1999
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INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS STUDY (IRAS)U01HL047902 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI SAAD, MOHAMMED F · 1991 to 1999
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NCRR NIH HHS M01-RR-43NHLBI NIH HHS U01-HL47887NHLBI NIH HHS U01-HL47889NHLBI NIH HHS U01-HL47892NHLBI NIH HHS U01-HL47902NIDDK NIH HHS DK-29867PHS HHS R01-58329
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGrowing evidence suggests that dairy consumption is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. However, observational studies have reported inconsistent results, and few have examined dairy's association with the underlying disorders of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

objectiveWe investigated the association of the dairy fatty acid biomarkers pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and trans-palmitoleic acid (trans 16:1n-7) with type 2 diabetes traits by evaluating 1) prospective associations with incident diabetes after 5 y of follow-up and 2) cross-sectional associations with directly measured insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.

designThe study analyzed 659 adults without diabetes at baseline from the triethnic multicenter Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Diabetes status was assessed by using oral-glucose-tolerance tests. Frequently sampled intravenous-glucose-tolerance tests measured insulin sensitivity (SI) and β-cell function [disposition index (DI)]. Serum fatty acids were quantified by using gas chromatography. Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables.

resultsSerum 15:0 was a significant biomarker for total dairy intake in the IRAS cohort. It was associated with a decreased incident diabetes risk (OR: 0.73, P = 0.02) and was positively associated with log SI (β: 0.84, P = 0.03) and log DI (β: 2.21, P = 0.02) in fully adjusted models. trans 16:1n-7 was a marker of total partially hydrogenated dietary fat intake and was not associated with outcomes in fully adjusted models.

conclusionsSerum 15:0, a marker of short-term intake of this fatty acid, was inversely associated with diabetes risk in this multiethnic cohort. This study may contribute to future recommendations regarding the benefits of dairy products on type 2 diabetes risk.

Indexed as

Dairy ProductsAdultBiomarkersBlood GlucoseCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dietary FatsEthnicityFatty AcidsFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlucose Tolerance TestHumansInsulin ResistanceInsulin-Secreting CellsBiomarkersBlood GlucoseDietary FatsFatty AcidsFatty Acids, Monounsaturatedpalmitoleic acidpentadecanoic aciddairyepidemiologyfatty acidsnutritiontype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID25411288
PMCPMC4232018
OpenAlexW2021775870

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.