ReviewProtein & cell2014
Recent advances in the role of toll-like receptors and TLR agonists in immunotherapy for human glioma.
Review in Protein & cell, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- TLR2 and TLR9 in Brain Cancer Patients in Relation to EBV Status.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Role of the TLR signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme with an emphasis on immunotherapy.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Cascaded immunotherapy with implantable dual-drug depots sequentially releasing STING agonists and apoptosis inducers.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Beyond checkpoint inhibitors: the three generations of immunotherapy.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Turning attention to tumor-host interface and focus on the peritumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Glioma-derived ANXA1 suppresses the immune response to TLR3 ligands by promoting an anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Article
- Development of a prognostic model related to homologous recombination deficiency in glioma based on multiple machine learning.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Molecular characteristics and therapeutic implications of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway in melanoma.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Tumor Microenvironment and Glioblastoma Cell Interplay as Promoters of Therapeutic Resistance.Biology · 2023Review
- T cell-independent eradication of experimental glioma by intravenous TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Unveiling the landscape of cytokine research in glioma immunotherapy: a scientometrics analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Immunotherapeutic Implications of Toll-like Receptors Activation in Tumor Microenvironment.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Article
- Review
- LINC00467 facilitates the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma via promoting the expression of inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 by binding to miR-339-3p.Bioengineered · 2022Article
- Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma: Navigating the clinical and translational landscape.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- Article
- The presence of TIM-3 positive cells in WHO grade III and IV astrocytic gliomas correlates with isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation status.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gliomas are extremely aggressive brain tumors with a very poor prognosis. One of the more promising strategies for the treatment of human gliomas is targeted immunotherapy where antigens that are unique to the tumors are exploited to generate vaccines. The approach, however, is complicated by the fact that human gliomas escape immune surveillance by creating an immune suppressed microenvironment. In order to oppose the glioma imposed immune suppression, molecules and pathways involved in immune cell maturation, expansion, and migration are under intensive clinical investigation as adjuvant therapy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate many of these functions in immune cell types, and TLR agonists, thus, are currently primary candidate molecules to be used as important adjuvants in a variety of cancers. In animal models for glioma, TLR agonists have exhibited antitumor properties by facilitating antigen presentation and stimulating innate and adaptive immunity. In clinical trials, several TLR agonists have achieved survival benefit, and many more trials are recruiting or ongoing. However, a second complicating factor is that TLRs are also expressed on cancer cells where they can participate instead in a variety of tumor promoting activities including cell growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, and even stem cell maintenance. TLR agonists can, therefore, possibly play dual roles in tumor biology. Here, how TLRs and TLR agonists function in glioma biology and in anti-glioma therapies is summarized in an effort to provide a current picture of the sophisticated relationship of glioma with the immune system and the implications for immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.