ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2015
Effect of chlorine and temperature on free-living protozoa in operational man-made water systems (cooling towers and hot sanitary water systems) in Catalonia.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chlorine disinfectant significantly changed microfauna habitat, community structure, and colonization mode in wastewater treatment plants.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Saline-Tolerant PathogenicPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dynamics of Legionella Community Interactions in Response to Temperature and Disinfection Treatment: 7 Years of Investigation.Microbial ecology · 2022Article
- Cooccurrence of Five PathogenicPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Opportunistic Premise Plumbing Pathogens. A Potential Health Risk in Water Mist Systems Used as a Cooling Intervention.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Article
- Survey of rumen microbiota of domestic grazing yak during different growth stages revealed novel maturation patterns of four key microbial groups and their dynamic interactions.Animal microbiome · 2020Article
- Intracellular Behaviour of ThreePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Advances inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Occurrence of Infected Free-Living Amoebae in Cooling Towers of Southern Brazil.Current microbiology · 2017Article
- Free-living amoebae and their associated bacteria in Austrian cooling towers: a 1-year routine screening.Parasitology research · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent decades, free-living protozoa (FLP) have gained prominence as the focus of research studies due to their pathogenicity to humans and their close relationship with the survival and growth of pathogenic amoeba-resisting bacteria. In the present work, we studied the presence of FLP in operational man-made water systems, i.e. cooling towers (CT) and hot sanitary water systems (HSWS), related to a high risk of Legionella spp. outbreaks, as well as the effect of the biocides used, i.e. chlorine in CT and high temperature in HSWS, on FLP. In CT samples, high-chlorine concentrations (7.5 ± 1.5 mg chlorine L(-1)) reduced the presence of FLP by 63.8 % compared to samples with low-chlorine concentrations (0.04 ± 0.08 mg chlorine L(-1)). Flagellates and amoebae were observed in samples collected with a level of 8 mg chlorine L(-1), which would indicate that some FLP, including the free-living amoeba (FLA) Acanthamoeba spp., are resistant to the discontinuous chlorine disinfection method used in the CT studied. Regarding HSWS samples, the amount of FLP detected in high-temperatures samples (53.1 ± 5.7 °C) was 38 % lower than in low-temperature samples (27.8 ± 5.8 °C). The effect of high temperature on FLP was chiefly observed in the results obtained by the culture method, in which there was a clear reduction in the presence of FLP at temperatures higher than 50 °C, but not in those obtained by PCR. The findings presented here show that the presence of FLP in operational man-made water systems should be taken into account in future regulations.
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