Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25410053›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of health geographics2014

Missing in space: an evaluation of imputation methods for missing data in spatial analysis of risk factors for type II diabetes.

Jannah Baker, Nicole White, Kerrie Mengersen

Abstract readEvaluation Study
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of health geographics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. SatHealth: A Multimodal Public Health Dataset with Satellite-based Environmental Factors.KDD : proceedings. International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining · 2025
    Article
  3. Article
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  9. Article
  10. Evaluation of geoimputation strategies in a large case study.International journal of health geographics · 2018
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
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  14. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Jannah BakerQueensland University of Technology School of Mathematical Sciences, Brisbane, Australia. jannah.baker@qut.edu.au.
Nicole White
Kerrie Mengersen

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSpatial analysis is increasingly important for identifying modifiable geographic risk factors for disease. However, spatial health data from surveys are often incomplete, ranging from missing data for only a few variables, to missing data for many variables. For spatial analyses of health outcomes, selection of an appropriate imputation method is critical in order to produce the most accurate inferences.

methodsWe present a cross-validation approach to select between three imputation methods for health survey data with correlated lifestyle covariates, using as a case study, type II diabetes mellitus (DM II) risk across 71 Queensland Local Government Areas (LGAs). We compare the accuracy of mean imputation to imputation using multivariate normal and conditional autoregressive prior distributions.

resultsChoice of imputation method depends upon the application and is not necessarily the most complex method. Mean imputation was selected as the most accurate method in this application.

conclusionsSelecting an appropriate imputation method for health survey data, after accounting for spatial correlation and correlation between covariates, allows more complete analysis of geographic risk factors for disease with more confidence in the results to inform public policy decision-making.

Indexed as

Data Interpretation, StatisticalSpatial AnalysisAdultDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2HumansMiddle AgedQueenslandRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID25410053
PMCPMC4287494

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.