ArticleLipids2015
EPA and DHA exposure alters the inflammatory response but not the surface expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in macrophages.
Article in Lipids, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on the Immune System in Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- The effects of ω-3 fish oil emulsion-based parenteral nutrition plus combination treatment for acute paraquat poisoning.The Journal of international medical research · 2019Trial
- Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation inhibits monocyte exhaustion memory formation during sepsis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Perinatal omega-3 sex-selectively mitigates neuropsychiatric impacts of prenatal THC in the cortico-striatal-hippocampal circuit.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Characterization and ligand binding properties of a fatty acid- and retinol- binding protein (Hp-FAR-2) from Heligmosomoides polygyrus.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- A secreted fatty acid- and retinol- binding protein frombioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanistic Insights and Health Implications.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2025Review
- The Impact of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cancer and Therapeutic Strategies.Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- Krill Oil and Its Bioactive Components as a Potential Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Immunometabolic Rewiring: A Tale of Macronutrients and Macrophages.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Inflammatory crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and gut microbiota-white adipose tissue axis.European journal of nutrition · 2023Review
- Higher stress response and altered quality of life in schizophrenia patients with low membrane levels of docosahexaenoic acid.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Farnesol-Loaded Nanoliposomes Inhibit Inflammatory Gene Expression in Primary Human Skeletal Myoblasts.Biology · 2022Article
- Pigment epithelium-derived factor is an interleukin-6 antagonist in the RPE: Insight of structure-function relationships.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- You are what you eat: How to best fuel your immune system.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Characterization of the "gut microbiota-immunity axis" and microbial lipid metabolites in atrophic and potential celiac disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Free Fatty Acid Species Differentially Modulate the Inflammatory Gene Response in Primary Human Skeletal Myoblasts.Biology · 2021Article
- Article
- DGLA from the MicroalgaNutrients · 2020Article
- The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Immune Responses.Nutrients · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their respective enrichment in cell membranes have been negatively associated with atherosclerotic lesion development. This effect may be mediated, in part, by dampened inflammatory response of macrophages triggered by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation. This study investigated the influence of membrane fatty acid profile on TLR4-mediated inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells pretreated with myristic acid (MA), EPA, DHA or vehicle control for 24 h were stimulated with ultra-pure LPS, a specific TLR4 agonist, for 6 or 24 h, corresponding to early and late stages of TNFα and IL-6 protein induction. Treatment significantly increased cell membrane MA, EPA, and DHA by 4.5-, 20.6-, and 8.9-fold, respectively. MA significantly increased IL-6 secretion 6 h post-exposure to the fatty acid, but did not change TNFα secretion in response to any other treatment condition. EPA and DHA significantly reduced TNFα secretion by 36 and 41 %, respectively, in cells stimulated for 24 h but not 6 h. In contrast, EPA and DHA significantly reduced IL-6 secretion at both 6 h (67 and 72%, respectively) and 24 h (69 and 72%, respectively). MA or DHA treatment had no significant effect compared to vehicle on factors influencing cellular LPS recognition, including LPS-cell association, and cell surface expression of TLR4, TLR4-MD2 complex, and CD14. These data suggest that membrane fatty acid profiles influence the TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages, via mechanisms that occur downstream of TLR4 receptor activation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.