ArticleNature communications2014
The immune synapse clears and excludes molecules above a size threshold.
Article in Nature communications, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- TransCon IL-2 β/γ: a novel long-acting prodrug with sustained release of an IL-2Rβ/γ-selective IL-2 variant with improved pharmacokinetics and potent activation of cytotoxic immune cells for the treatment of cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Trial
- Antibody format matters: A comparative analysis of VHH and scFv domains reveals superior in vivo CAR T cell function with VHH domains.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- A multivalent nanobody-drug conjugate to prevent and treat influenza virus infections.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Aptamers as target-specific recognition elements in drug delivery.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2025Review
- Dual aVß8 Integrin and PD-1 Blockade Overcomes TGFβ-Mediated B-Cell Suppression to Enhance Anti-Tumor Immunity.Neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Bispecific immunotherapy based on antibodies, T-cell receptors, and aptamers: mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Proteomic analysis of the sponge Aggregation Factor implicates an ancient toolkit for allorecognition and adhesion in animals.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Changing the location of proteins on the cell surface is a promising strategy for modulating T cell functions.Immunology · 2024Review
- Exclusion of PD-1 from the immune synapse: A novel strategy to modulate T cell function.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- An Imaging-Based Assay to Measure the Location of PD-1 at the Immune Synapse for Testing the Binding Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies.Bio-protocol · 2024Article
- Explainable machine learning for profiling the immunological synapse and functional characterization of therapeutic antibodies.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Antigen-presenting B cells promote TCF-1Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Natural Killer Cell Engagers (NKCEs): a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Bispecific Antibody Format and the Organization of Immunological Synapses in T Cell-Redirecting Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Neutralization of the adaptor protein PAG by monoclonal antibody limits murine tumor growth.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2022Article
- Systemic Delivery of mPEG-Masked Trispecific T-Cell Nanoengagers in Synergy with STING Agonists Overcomes Immunotherapy Resistance in TNBC and Generates a Vaccination Effect.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Cancer immunomodulation using bispecific aptamers.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2022Review
- Keratinocyte-induced costimulation of human T cells through CD6 - but not CD2 - activates mTOR and prevents oxidative stress.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer cells assess target cell health via interactions at the immune synapse (IS) that facilitates signal integration and directed secretion. Here we test whether the IS also functions as a gasket. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanometer-scale dextrans within synapses formed by various effector-target cell conjugates reveal that molecules are excluded in a size-dependent manner at activating synapses. Dextran sized ≤4 nm move in and out of the IS, but access is significantly reduced (by >50%) for dextran sized 10-13 nm, and dextran ≥32 nm is almost entirely excluded. Depolymerization of F-actin abrogated exclusion. Unexpectedly, larger-sized dextrans are cleared as the IS assembles in a zipper-like manner. Monoclonal antibodies are also excluded from the IS but smaller single-domain antibodies are able to penetrate. Therefore, the IS can clear and exclude molecules above a size threshold, and drugs designed to target synaptic cytokines or cytotoxic proteins must fit these dimensions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.