Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25406170›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics2015

Effects of μ-opioid receptor agonists in assays of acute pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in male rats: role of μ-agonist efficacy and noxious stimulus intensity.

Ahmad A Altarifi, Kenner C Rice, S Stevens Negus

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
2.3field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. DPsychopharmacology · 2025
    Article
  3. NOP agonist AT-403 promoted sleep in lactic acid-induced acute pain model.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Ahmad A AltarifiDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (A.A.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.A.A., S.S.N.); and Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.) altarifiaa@vcu.edu.
Kenner C RiceDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (A.A.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.A.A., S.S.N.); and Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.).
S Stevens NegusDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (A.A.A.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (A.A.A., S.S.N.); and Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (K.C.R.).
National Institute on Drug Abuse · USNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism · US

Funding

Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs Acting on Central and Peripheral Opioid ReceptorsZIADA000527 · NIDA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE · PI RICE, KENNER · 2009 to 2025
$23.2M
Neurobiology and Treatment of PainR01NS070715 · NINDS · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI NEGUS, SIDNEY S, SELLEY, DANA E · 2009 to 2018
$3.3M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS070715NINDS NIH HHS R01-NS070715
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Pain is associated with stimulation of some behaviors and depression of others, and μ-opioid receptor agonists are among the most widely used analgesics. This study used parallel assays of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior in male Sprague-Dawley rats to compare antinociception profiles for six μ-agonists that varied in efficacy at μ-opioid receptors (from highest to lowest: methadone, fentanyl, morphine, hydrocodone, buprenorphine, and nalbuphine). Intraperitoneal injection of diluted lactic acid served as an acute noxious stimulus to either stimulate stretching or depress operant responding maintained by electrical stimulation in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). All μ-agonists blocked both stimulation of stretching and depression of ICSS produced by 1.8% lactic acid. The high-efficacy agonists methadone and fentanyl were more potent at blocking acid-induced depression of ICSS than acid-stimulated stretching, whereas lower-efficacy agonists displayed similar potency across assays. All μ-agonists except morphine also facilitated ICSS in the absence of the noxious stimulus at doses similar to those that blocked acid-induced depression of ICSS. The potency of the low-efficacy μ-agonist nalbuphine, but not the high-efficacy μ-agonist methadone, to block acid-induced depression of ICSS was significantly reduced by increasing the intensity of the noxious stimulus to 5.6% acid. These results demonstrate sensitivity of acid-induced depression of ICSS to a range of clinically effective μ-opioid analgesics and reveal distinctions between opioids based on efficacy at the μ-receptor. These results also support the use of parallel assays of pain-stimulated and -depressed behaviors to evaluate analgesic efficacy of candidate drugs.

Indexed as

Acute PainAnalgesics, OpioidAnimalsBehavior, AnimalBrainConditioning, OperantDose-Response Relationship, DrugElectric StimulationLactic AcidMaleRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Opioid, muSelf StimulationAnalgesics, OpioidLactic AcidReceptors, Opioid, mu

Identifiers

PMID25406170
PMCPMC4293439
OpenAlexW2010111338

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.