ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2014
Risks of hormonally active pharmaceuticals to amphibians: a growing concern regarding progestagens.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chemical Interference: A Review on Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Communication in Amphibians.Ecology and evolution · 2025Review
- A narrative review on the environmental impact of medicines: from water analysis andFrontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2025Review
- Article
- Evaluating corticosterone as a biomarker for amphibians exposed to increased salinity and ambient corticosterone.Conservation physiology · 2021Article
- Use of Zebrafish in Drug Discovery Toxicology.Chemical research in toxicology · 2020Review
- Exposure to an anti-androgenic herbicide negatively impacts reproductive physiology and fertility in Xenopus tropicalis.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Unexpected metabolic disorders induced by endocrine disruptors inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2018Article
- Ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems--impacts through behavioural alterations.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2014Review
- Potential ecological footprints of active pharmaceutical ingredients: an examination of risk factors in low-, middle- and high-income countries.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2014Review
- Medicating the environment: assessing risks of pharmaceuticals to wildlife and ecosystems.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2014Article
- Application of in silico and in vitro methods in the development of adverse outcome pathway constructs in wildlife.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most amphibians breed in water, including the terrestrial species, and may therefore be exposed to water-borne pharmaceuticals during critical phases of the reproductive cycle, i.e. sex differentiation and gamete maturation. The objectives of this paper were to (i) review available literature regarding adverse effects of hormonally active pharmaceuticals on amphibians, with special reference to environmentally relevant exposure levels and (ii) expand the knowledge on toxicity of progestagens in amphibians by determining effects of norethindrone (NET) and progesterone (P) exposure to 0, 1, 10 or 100 ng l(-1) (nominal) on oogenesis in the test species Xenopus tropicalis. Very little information was found on toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals on amphibians. Research has shown that environmental concentrations (1.8 ng l(-1)) of the pharmaceutical oestrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2) cause developmental reproductive toxicity involving impaired spermatogenesis in frogs. Recently, it was found that the progestagen levonorgestrel (LNG) inhibited oogenesis in frogs by interrupting the formation of vitellogenic oocytes at an environmentally relevant concentration (1.3 ng l(-1)). Results from the present study revealed that 1 ng NET l(-1) and 10 ng P l(-1) caused reduced proportions of vitellogenic oocytes and increased proportions of previtellogenic oocytes compared with the controls, thereby indicating inhibited vitellogenesis. Hence, the available literature shows that the oestrogen EE2 and the progestagens LNG, NET and P impair reproductive functions in amphibians at environmentally relevant exposure concentrations. The progestagens are of particular concern given their prevalence, the range of compounds and that several of them (LNG, NET and P) share the same target (oogenesis) at environmental exposure concentrations, indicating a risk for adverse effects on fertility in exposed wild amphibians.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.