ArticleImmunology and cell biology2015
Mice lacking Axl and Mer tyrosine kinase receptors are susceptible to experimental autoimmune orchitis induction.
Article in Immunology and cell biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of Orchitis Research from 1980 to 2023.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
- Immunologic Environment of the Testis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- Rethinking Phagocytes: Clues from the Retina and Testes.Trends in cell biology · 2018Review
- AXL-dependent infection of human fetal endothelial cells distinguishes Zika virus from other pathogenic flaviviruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Giving AXL the axe: targeting AXL in human malignancy.British journal of cancer · 2017Review
- Microcystin-Leucine Arginine Causes Cytotoxic Effects in Sertoli Cells Resulting in Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Mice.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Article
- Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in mediating experimental autoimmune orchitis induction in mice.Biology of reproduction · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mammalian testis is an immunoprivileged organ where male germ cell autoantigens are immunologically ignored. Both systemic immune tolerance to autoantigens and local immunosuppressive milieu contribute to the testicular immune privilege. Testicular immunosuppression has been intensively studied, but information on systemic immune tolerance to autoantigens is lacking. In the present study, we aimed to determine the role of Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases in maintaining the systemic tolerance to male germ cell antigens using the experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) model. Axl and Mer double-knockout (Axl(-/-)Mer(-/-)) mice developed evident EAO after a single immunization with germ cell homogenates emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. EAO was characterized by the accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the testis. Damage to the seminiferous epithelium was also observed. EAO induction was associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation in the testes, impaired permeability of the blood-testis barrier and generation of autoantibodies against germ cell antigens in Axl(-/-)Mer(-/-) mice. Immunization also induced mild EAO in Axl or Mer single-gene-knockout mice. By contrast, a single immunization failed to induce EAO in wild-type mice. The results indicate that Axl and Mer receptors cooperatively regulate the systemic immune tolerance to male germ cell antigens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.