ArticleMolecular microbiology2015
Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA and effects of phosphorylated histidines on multimerization and activity.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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30 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental regulation of toxin production in Bacillus anthracis.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Environmental Regulation of Toxin Production inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- One Earth: The Equilibrium between the Human and the Bacterial Worlds.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Promoter DNA recognition by theFrontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Structural and Functional Analysis of Toxin and Small RNA Gene Promoter Regions in Bacillus anthracis.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- Overlapping and Distinct Functions of the Paralogous PagR Regulators of Bacillus anthracis.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- Expression of the Bacillus thuringiensisMicrobiology spectrum · 2022Article
- PclR is a transcriptional activator of the gene that encodes the pneumococcal collagen-like protein PclA.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The transcription activator AtxA fromSynthetic biology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Article
- PRD-Containing Virulence Regulators (PCVRs) in Pathogenic Bacteria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Influence of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system on toxin gene expression and virulence in Bacillus anthracis.Molecular microbiology · 2020Article
- AtxA-Controlled Small RNAs ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Bacillus anthracis Virulence Regulator AtxA Binds Specifically to theJournal of bacteriology · 2019Article
- TheMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Upstream sequence-dependent suppression and AtxA-dependent activation of protective antigens inPeerJ · 2019Article
- DNA-binding properties of MafR, a global regulator of Enterococcus faecalis.FEBS letters · 2018Article
- Regulons and protein-protein interactions of PRD-containing Bacillus anthracis virulence regulators reveal overlapping but distinct functions.Molecular microbiology · 2018Article
- Glucose Levels Alter the Mga Virulence Regulon in the Group A Streptococcus.Scientific reports · 2018Article
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6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
The Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA controls transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and capsule biosynthetic operon. AtxA activity is elevated during growth in media containing glucose and CO(2)/bicarbonate, and there is a positive correlation between the CO(2)/bicarbonate signal, AtxA activity and homomultimerization. AtxA activity is also affected by phosphorylation at specific histidines. We show that AtxA crystallizes as a dimer. Distinct folds associated with predicted DNA-binding domains (HTH1 and HTH2) and phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system-regulated domains (PRD1 and PRD2) are apparent. We tested AtxA variants containing single and double phosphomimetic (His→Asp) and phosphoablative (His→Ala) amino acid changes for activity in B. anthracis cultures and for protein-protein interactions in cell lysates. Reduced activity of AtxA H199A, lack of multimerization and activity of AtxAH379D variants, and predicted structural changes associated with phosphorylation support a model for control of AtxA function. We propose that (i) in the AtxA dimer, phosphorylation of H199 in PRD1 affects HTH2 positioning, influencing DNA-binding; and (ii) phosphorylation of H379 in PRD2 disrupts dimer formation. The AtxA structure is the first reported high-resolution full-length structure of a PRD-containing regulator, and can serve as a model for proteins of this family, especially those that link virulence to bacterial metabolism.
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