ReviewJournal of medicinal food2014
The gut microbiome and the brain.
Review in Journal of medicinal food, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05119010 (A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 306 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Who cites it
306 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on polycystic ovarian syndrome: an overview of systematic reviews.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Systematic review of probiotics as an adjuvant treatment for psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Gut microbiota in patients with Alzheimer's disease spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Aging · 2022Pooled it
- Association between microbiological risk factors and neurodegenerative disorders: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Gut Microbiota in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2022Pooled it
- The microbiota-gut- hippocampus axis.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- Gut microbes in cerebrovascular diseases: Gut flora imbalance, potential impact mechanisms and promising treatment strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Depression and obesity among females, are sex specificities considered?Archives of women's mental health · 2021Pooled it
- Potential of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Research: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Assessment of Microorganisms' Implications in the Neurodegenerative Disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- The Effects of Milk and Dairy Products on Sleep: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Altered Salivary Microbiota Following Bifidobacterium animalis Subsp. Lactis BL-11 Supplementation Are Associated with Anthropometric Growth and Social Behavior Severity in Individuals with Prader-Willi Syndrome.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2022Trial
- Health Effects of Drinking Water Produced from Deep Sea Water: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Effects of Probiotic NVP-1704 on Mental Health and Sleep in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Review
- Integrated multi-omics analysis of gut microbiome and serum metabolome in unipolar and bipolar depression.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Probiotics and Plant Extracts in the Gut-Brain Axis: Mechanisms, Interactions, and Clinical Perspectives.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- The Microbiota as a Potential Cause of Disease.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Role of Antioxidants in the Connection Between Microbiota, Neuroinflammation and Epilepsy.Biomedicines · 2026Review
246 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human gut microbiome impacts human brain health in numerous ways: (1) Structural bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides provide low-grade tonic stimulation of the innate immune system. Excessive stimulation due to bacterial dysbiosis, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or increased intestinal permeability may produce systemic and/or central nervous system inflammation. (2) Bacterial proteins may cross-react with human antigens to stimulate dysfunctional responses of the adaptive immune system. (3) Bacterial enzymes may produce neurotoxic metabolites such as D-lactic acid and ammonia. Even beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids may exert neurotoxicity. (4) Gut microbes can produce hormones and neurotransmitters that are identical to those produced by humans. Bacterial receptors for these hormones influence microbial growth and virulence. (5) Gut bacteria directly stimulate afferent neurons of the enteric nervous system to send signals to the brain via the vagus nerve. Through these varied mechanisms, gut microbes shape the architecture of sleep and stress reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. They influence memory, mood, and cognition and are clinically and therapeutically relevant to a range of disorders, including alcoholism, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and restless legs syndrome. Their role in multiple sclerosis and the neurologic manifestations of celiac disease is being studied. Nutritional tools for altering the gut microbiome therapeutically include changes in diet, probiotics, and prebiotics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.