ArticlePloS one2014
Spatial and temporal distribution of West Nile virus in horses in Israel (1997-2013)--from endemic to epidemics.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- West Nile Virus in Horses as a Sentinel Host in One Health Surveillance: Epidemiological Insights and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Risk assessment of West Nile fever in equines in Europe based on an ecological niche model.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Impact of climate change on the global circulation of West Nile virus and adaptation responses: a scoping review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2024Article
- Lessons Learned from West Nile Virus Infection:Vaccinations in Equines and Their Implications for One Health Approaches.Viruses · 2024Review
- Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Ecological and clinical evidence of the establishment of West Nile virus in a large urban area in Europe, Berlin, Germany, 2021 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- A systematic review of environmental factors related to WNV circulation in European and Mediterranean countries.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Review
- Development of Antibody-Based Therapeutics Against West Nile Virus in Plants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020.Viruses · 2022Article
- Assessment of the Costs Related to West Nile Virus Monitoring in Lombardy Region (Italy) between 2014 and 2018.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- West Nile virus seroprevalence and associated risk factors among horses in Egypt.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria.Viruses · 2021Article
- Characterising West Nile virus epidemiology in Israel using a transmission suitability index.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2020Article
- Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- High Exposure toAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Article
- Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Review
- Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis for exposure to equine encephalosis virus in Israel, Palestine and Jordan.Veterinary medicine and science · 2017Article
- High Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Domestic Birds and Detection in 2 New Mosquito Species in Madagascar.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of West Nile virus (WNV) and the endemic state it has acquired in new geographical areas, we hereby bring a thorough serological investigation of WNV in horses in a longstanding endemic region, such as Israel. This study evaluates the environmental and demographic risk factors for WNV infection in horses and suggests possible factors associated with the transition from endemic to epidemic state. West Nile virus seroprevalence in horses in Israel was determined throughout a period of more than a decade, before (1997) and after (2002 and 2013) the massive West Nile fever outbreak in humans and horses in 2000. An increase in seroprevalence was observed, from 39% (113/290) in 1997 to 66.1% (547/827) in 2002 and 85.5% (153/179) in 2013, with persistent significantly higher seroprevalence in horses situated along the Great Rift Valley (GRV) area, the major birds' migration route in Israel. Demographic risk factors included age and breed of the horse. Significantly lower spring precipitation was observed during years with increased human incidence rate that occurred between 1997-2007. Hence, we suggest referring to Israel as two WNV distinct epidemiological regions; an endemic region along the birds' migration route (GRV) and the rest of the country which perhaps suffers from cyclic epidemics. In addition, weather conditions, such as periods of spring drought, might be associated with the transition from endemic state to epidemic state of WNV.
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