SynthesisPloS one2014
The association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines on optimizing the use of proton pump inhibitors: PPI stewardship.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2023Guideline
- Obesity and the risk of primary liver cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2021Pooled it
- [Clinical Guidelines for Drug-induced Peptic Ulcer, 2020 Revised Edition].The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi · 2020Guideline
- Pooled it
- Does the use of proton pump inhibitors increase the risk of hypomagnesemia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effects of gastroprotectant drugs for the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its complications: a meta-analysis of randomised trials.The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2018Pooled it
- Causal Effects of Early Discontinuation of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Kidney Failure.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Dietary mimicry of melena following chocolate cookie ingestion in a patient with colostomy: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- Erratum: Comment on "Evaluation of the Long-Term Administration of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) in the Mineral Nutrient's Bioavailability".ACS omega · 2026Article
- Article
- Parenteral dextrose during refeeding is associated with electrolyte deficiencies in anorexia nervosa: a route-specific analysis of oral and parenteral nutrition.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Association of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Nutrient Deficiencies: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Hypomagnesemia Associated with Omeprazole Use in Patients Treated with Platinum Derivatives: An Exploratory Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy · 2026Article
- Current Medical Controversies in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Article
- Impact of Eprazole Sodium combined with somatostatin on treatment efficacy and coagulation function of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A retrospective study.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Temporary hypocalcemia induced by cetuximab sarotalocan without hypomagnesemia in a patient with hypoparathyroidism: a novel case report.Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences · 2025Article
- Late-onset Complications in a Chronic Proton Pump Inhibitor User: Electrolyte Abnormalities and a Diagnostic Approach.JCEM case reports · 2025Article
- Association of hypomagnesemia with chronic use of proton-pump inhibitors in patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough many case reports have described patients with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-induced hypomagnesemia, the impact of PPI use on hypomagnesemia has not been fully clarified through comparative studies. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of PPI and the risk of developing hypomagnesemia by conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis.
methodsWe conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using the primary keywords "proton pump," "dexlansoprazole," "esomeprazole," "ilaprazole," "lansoprazole," "omeprazole," "pantoprazole," "rabeprazole," "hypomagnesemia," "hypomagnesaemia," and "magnesium." Studies were included if they evaluated the association between PPI use and hypomagnesemia and reported relative risks or odds ratios or provided data for their estimation. Pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the random effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics.
resultsNine studies including 115,455 patients were analyzed. The median Newcastle-Ottawa quality score for the included studies was seven (range, 6-9). Among patients taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 27.1% (range, 11.3-55.2%) across all included studies. Among patients not taking PPIs, the median proportion of patients with hypomagnesemia was 18.4% (range, 4.3-52.7%). On meta-analysis, pooled odds ratio for PPI use was found to be 1.775 (95% confidence interval 1.077-2.924). Significant heterogeneity was identified using Cochran's Q test (df = 7, P<0.001, I2 = 98.0%).
conclusionsPPI use may increase the risk of hypomagnesemia. However, significant heterogeneity among the included studies prevented us from reaching a definitive conclusion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.