ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2014
Seroprevalence and spatial epidemiology of Lymphatic Filariasis in American Samoa after successful mass drug administration.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review of alternative surveillance approaches for lymphatic filariasis in low prevalence settings: Implications for post-validation settings.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Global Lymphatic Filariasis Post-Validation Surveillance Activities in 2025: A Scoping Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Epidemiological monitoring survey to assess the impact of mass drug administration with triple-drug regimen in lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in an endemic district in Southern India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Geospatial analysis of leptospirosis clusters and risk factors in two provinces of the Dominican Republic.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluation of sampling strategies for assessing lymphatic filariasis endemic status of a non-MDA district in South India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The Utility of Infectious Disease Prevalence Studies to Inform Public Health Decision-Making in the Samoan Islands: A Systematic Review.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- The effects of variable spatial aggregation on lymphatic filariasis transmission.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Role of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitrosative stress in regulating sex differences in secondary lymphedema.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Spatial predictive risk mapping of lymphatic filariasis residual hotspots in American Samoa using demographic and environmental factors.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Lymphatic filariasis endgame strategies: Using GEOFIL to model mass drug administration and targeted surveillance and treatment strategies in American Samoa.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Spatially Explicit Environmental Factors Associated with Lymphatic Filariasis Infection in American Samoa.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Bayesian Network Analysis of Lymphatic Filariasis Serology from Myanmar Shows Benefit of Adding Antibody Testing to Post-MDA Surveillance.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Potential use of antibodies to provide an earlier indication of lymphatic filariasis resurgence in post-mass drug ad ministration surveillance in American Samoa.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Lymphatic filariasis in 2016 in American Samoa: Identifying clustering and hotspots using non-spatial and three spatial analytical methods.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Comparison of Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) and Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) for Detecting Lymphatic Filariasis Antigen in American Samoa, 2016.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Triple-Drug Treatment Is Effective for Lymphatic Filariasis Microfilaria Clearance in Samoa.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Article
- Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: Geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Potential strategies for strengthening surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in American Samoa after mass drug administration: Reducing 'number needed to test' by targeting older age groups, hotspots, and household members of infected persons.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Supporting elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa by predicting locations of residual infection using machine learning and geostatistics.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Its Morbidity Following Mass Ivermectin and Albendazole Administration in Mkinga District, North-Eastern Tanzania.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAs part of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), American Samoa conducted mass drug administration (MDA) from 2000-2006, and passed transmission assessment surveys in 2011-2012. We examined the seroprevalence and spatial epidemiology of LF post-MDA to inform strategies for ongoing surveillance and to reduce resurgence risk.
methodsELISA for LF antigen (Og4C3) and antibodies (Wb123, Bm14) were performed on a geo-referenced serum bank of 807 adults collected in 2010. Risk factors assessed for association with sero-positivity included age, sex, years lived in American Samoa, and occupation. Geographic clustering of serological indicators was investigated to identify spatial dependence and household-level clustering.
resultsOg4C3 antigen of >128 units (positive) were found in 0.75% (95% CI 0.3-1.6%) of participants, and >32 units (equivocal plus positive) in 3.2% (95% CI 0.6-4.7%). Seroprevalence of Wb123 and Bm14 antibodies were 8.1% (95% CI 6.3-10.2%) and 17.9% (95% CI 15.3-20.7%) respectively. Antigen-positive individuals were identified in all ages, and antibody prevalence higher in older ages. Prevalence was higher in males, and inversely associated with years lived in American Samoa. Spatial distribution of individuals varied significantly with positive and equivocal levels of Og4C3 antigen, but not with antibodies. Using Og4C3 cutoff points of >128 units and >32 units, average cluster sizes were 1,242 m and 1,498 m, and geographical proximity of households explained 85% and 62% of the spatial variation respectively.
conclusionsHigh-risk populations for LF in American Samoa include adult males and recent migrants. We identified locations and estimated the size of possible residual foci of antigen-positive adults, demonstrating the value of spatial analysis in post-MDA surveillance. Strategies to monitor cluster residents and high-risk groups are needed to reduce resurgence risk. Further research is required to quantify factors contributing to LF transmission at the last stages of elimination to ensure that programme achievements are sustained.
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