Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25393378›Full record

SynthesisJAMA2014

Association of sickle cell trait with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria in African Americans.

Rakhi P Naik, Vimal K Derebail, Morgan E Grams, Nora Franceschini, Paul L Auer, Gina M Peloso, Bessie A Young, Guillaume Lettre, Carmen A Peralta, Ronit Katz and 21 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in JAMA, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04646408 (Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease and Diabetes in People of African Ancestry With HIV), which is not on this map. Cited by 127 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
127citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
8.6field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04646408 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease, Kidney Disease and Diabetes in People of African Ancestry With HIV (CKD Study)

TypeobservationalSponsorKing's College Hospital NHS TrustRan2020 to 2022Enrolled400ConditionsCardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Diseases
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

127 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  9. Alterations of Plasma Metabolites Associated with Sickle Cell Trait.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026
    Article
  10. The Metabolomic Landscape of Sickle Cell Trait Nephropathy: Illuminating an Under-Recognized Problem.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Whole Blood Transcriptomic Analysis of Sickle Cell Trait.European journal of haematology · 2026
    Article
  13. Family History of Kidney Failure, APOL1 Risk Variants, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of CKD Progression: Findings From the CRIC Study.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2026
    Observational
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. CKD Prevalence and Associated Factors in Jamaica.Kidney international reports · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors at 19 institutions in 2 countries.

Rakhi P NaikDivision of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Vimal K DerebailDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Morgan E GramsDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Nora FranceschiniDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill.
Paul L AuerDepartment of Biostatistics, Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Gina M PelosoCenter for Human Genetic Research, Boston and Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge.
Bessie A YoungDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle.
Guillaume LettreMontreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
Carmen A PeraltaDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Ronit KatzKidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle.
Hyacinth I HyacinthStroke Center, Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Rakale C QuarellsCardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Megan L GroveHuman Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas School Health Science Center at Houston.
Alexander G BickBroad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Pierre FontanillasBroad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Stephen S RichCenter for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
Joshua D SmithDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle.
Eric BoerwinkleHuman Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas School Health Science Center at Houston.
Wayne D RosamondDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill.
Kaoru ItoBroad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
Sophie LanzkronDivision of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Josef CoreshDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
Adolfo CorreaDepartment of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
Gloria E SartoDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Nigel S KeyDivision of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
David R JacobsDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Sekar KathiresanCenter for Human Genetic Research, Boston and Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge.
Kirsten Bibbins-DomingoDivision of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
Abhijit V KshirsagarDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Kidney Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
James G WilsonDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
Alexander P ReinerDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USJohns Hopkins University · USUniversity of Washington · USMassachusetts General Hospital · USMassachusetts Institute of Technology · USThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USBroad Institute · USJackson Memorial Hospital · USJohns Hopkins Medicine · USMedical University of South Carolina · USMontreal Heart Institute · CAMorehouse School of Medicine · USUniversity of Minnesota · USUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center · USUniversity of Virginia · USUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · USUniversity of Wisconsin–Milwaukee · USVA Puget Sound Health Care System · US

Funding

Large Scale Sequencing and Analysis of GenomesU54HG003067 · NHGRI · MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI GABRIEL, STACEY, LANDER, ERIC S · 2004 to 2015
$568.6M
The Human Genome Sequencing CenterU54HG003273 · NHGRI · BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · PI GIBBS, RICHARD A · 2004 to 2015
$341.3M
Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (UL1)UL1RR025005 · NCRR · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI FORD, DANIEL ERNEST · 2007 to 2011
$75.8M
Morehouse School of Medicine Center of Excellence Research Endowment ProgramS21MD000101 · NIMHD · MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI MONTGOMERY-RICE, VALERIE C. · 2001 to 2015
$74.3M
Medical Scientist Training ProgramT32GM007753 · NIGMS · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI WALENSKY, LOREN DAVID · 1985 to 2021
$50.0M
Building on GWAS for NHLBI-disease: the CHARGE consortiumRC2HL102419 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCI CTR HOUSTON · PI BOERWINKLE, ERIC A. · 2009 to 2010
$27.6M
Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR000040 · NCATS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI GINSBERG, HENRY N · 2012 to 2015
$26.2M
Genome-Wide Association Analysis in Essential Hypertension (FEHGAS study)R01HL086694 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI ARAVINDA CHAKRAVARTI · 2007 to 2026
$21.2M
MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH TRAINING IN CARDIOLOGYT32HL007208 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Patrick Thomas Ellinor, David E Sosnovik · 1985 to 2026
$16.1M
Multiethnic Study of Type 2 Diabetes GenesU01DK085526 · NIDDK · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI ALTSHULER, DAVID, JABLONSKI, KATHLEEN ANN · 2009 to 2014
$15.7M
Minority Health-GRID Network: A Genomics Resource for Health Disparity ResearchRC4MD005964 · NIMHD · MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI DAVIS, ROBERT LOWELL, NICKERSON, DEBORAH A · 2010 to 2010
$13.3M
Epidemiology of Venous Thrombosis & Pulmonary EmbolismR01HL059367 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI TANG, WEIHONG · 1998 to 2024
$11.8M
Intramural NIH HHSNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000040NCATS NIH HHS UL1-TR-000040NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR025005NCRR NIH HHS UL1-RR-025005NHGRI NIH HHS 5U54HG003067NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004402NHGRI NIH HHS U01HG004402NHGRI NIH HHS U54 HG003067NHGRI NIH HHS U54 HG003273NHLBI NIH HHS 1UO1HL117659NHLBI NIH HHS 2K12HL087169-06NHLBI NIH HHS 5K12 HL087097-0NHLBI NIH HHS 5RC2HL102419NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200900041CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005GNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100005INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100006CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100007CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100007INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100008CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100008INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100009CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100009INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100010CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100011CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100011INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100012CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100046CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300025CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300027CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300028CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300029CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300046CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300047CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300048CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300049CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201300050CNHLBI NIH HHS HL080494-05NHLBI NIH HHS K08 HL125100NHLBI NIH HHS K12 HL087097NHLBI NIH HHS K12 HL087169NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095159NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095160NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095161NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095162NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095163NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095164NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095165NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095166NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095167NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095168NHLBI NIH HHS N01 HC095169NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95159NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95160NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95161NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95162NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95163NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95164NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95165NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95166NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95167NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95168NHLBI NIH HHS N01-HC-95169NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL059367NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL071862NHLBI NIH HHS R01HL071862NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL080494NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL086694NHLBI NIH HHS R01HL086694NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL087641NHLBI NIH HHS R01HL087641NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL107816NHLBI NIH HHS R01HL107816NHLBI NIH HHS R01HL59367NHLBI NIH HHS R21 HL123677NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL102419NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL-102923NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL102923NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL-102924NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL102924NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL-102925NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL102925NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL-102926NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL102926NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL-103010NHLBI NIH HHS RC2 HL103010NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007208NHLBI NIH HHS T32HL007208NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL117659NIA NIH HHS AG0005NIA NIH HHS HHSN271201100004CNIDDK NIH HHS 1R01DK102134-01NIDDK NIH HHS DK085501NIDDK NIH HHS DK085524NIDDK NIH HHS DK085526NIDDK NIH HHS DK085545NIDDK NIH HHS DK085584NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK076770NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK076770-01NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK089174NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK102134NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085501NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085524NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085526NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085545NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK085584NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007753NIMHD NIH HHS RC4 MD005964NIMHD NIH HHS RC4MD005964NIMHD NIH HHS S21 MD000101WHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceThe association between sickle cell trait (SCT) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain.

objectiveTo describe the relationship between SCT and CKD and albuminuria in self-identified African Americans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND

participantsUsing 5 large, prospective, US population-based studies (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study [ARIC, 1987-2013; n = 3402], Jackson Heart Study [JHS, 2000-2012; n = 2105], Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults [CARDIA, 1985-2006; n = 848], Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA, 2000-2012; n = 1620], and Women's Health Initiative [WHI, 1993-2012; n = 8000]), we evaluated 15,975 self-identified African Americans (1248 participants with SCT [SCT carriers] and 14,727 participants without SCT [noncarriers]). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline or follow-up), incident CKD, albuminuria (defined as a spot urine albumin:creatinine ratio of >30 mg/g or albumin excretion rate >30 mg/24 hours), and decline in eGFR (defined as a decrease of >3 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year). Effect sizes were calculated separately for each cohort and were subsequently meta-analyzed using a random-effects model.

resultsA total of 2233 individuals (239 of 1247 SCT carriers [19.2%] vs 1994 of 14,722 noncarriers [13.5%]) had CKD, 1298 (140 of 675 SCT carriers [20.7%] vs 1158 of 8481 noncarriers [13.7%]) experienced incident CKD, 1719 (150 of 665 SCT carriers [22.6%] vs 1569 of 8249 noncarriers [19.0%]) experienced decline in eGFR, and 1322 (154 of 485 SCT carriers [31.8%] vs 1168 of 5947 noncarriers [19.6%]) had albuminuria during the study period. Individuals with SCT had an increased risk of CKD (odds ratio [OR], 1.57 [95% CI, 1.34-1.84]; absolute risk difference [ARD], 7.6% [95% CI, 4.7%-10.8%]), incident CKD (OR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.45-2.20]; ARD, 8.5% [95% CI, 5.1%-12.3%]), and decline in eGFR (OR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.07-1.61]; ARD, 6.1% [95% CI, 1.4%-13.0%]) compared with noncarriers. Sickle cell trait was also associated with albuminuria (OR, 1.86 [95% CI, 1.49-2.31]; ARD, 12.6% [95% CI, 7.7%-17.7%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among African Americans in these cohorts, the presence of SCT was associated with an increased risk of CKD, decline in eGFR, and albuminuria, compared with noncarriers. These findings suggest that SCT may be associated with the higher risk of kidney disease in African Americans.

Indexed as

AdultAgedAlbuminuriaBlack or African AmericanCohort StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRenal Insufficiency, ChronicRiskSickle Cell TraitUnited StatesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID25393378
PMCPMC4356116
OpenAlexW2141198361

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.