ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2015
Parental risk management in relation to offspring defence: bad news for kids.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of urbanisation on social behaviour: a comprehensive review.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Pooled it
- Risk Assessment During Nest Defense Against Three Simulated Predators by Female Northern House Wrens (Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Geographical variation in nest defense among cinereous tit populations in China.Current zoology · 2023Article
- The ghosts of parasitism past: lingering frontline anti-brood parasite defenses in a former host.Current zoology · 2021Article
- Variation in alarm calls during different breeding stages of the common kestrel (Biology open · 2021Article
- Heterospecific alarm-call recognition in two warbler hosts of common cuckoos.Animal cognition · 2019Article
- Mortality, perception, and scale: Understanding how predation shapes space use in a wild prey population.PloS one · 2019Article
- Heritability and social brood effects on personality in juvenile and adult life-history stages in a wild passerine.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2018Article
- Behavioral plasticity in response to perceived predation risk in breeding house wrens.Evolutionary biology · 2017Article
- Hypoxia increases the risk of egg predation in a nest-guarding fish.Royal Society open science · 2016Article
- Effects of manipulated levels of predation threat on parental provisioning and nestling begging.Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral EcologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Do parents defend their offspring whenever necessary, and do self-sacrificing parents really exist? Studies recognized that parent defence is dynamic, mainly depending on the threat predators pose. In this context, parental risk management should consider the threat to themselves and to their offspring. Consequently, the observed defence should be a composite of both risk components. Surprisingly, no study so far has determined the influence of these two threat components on parental decision rules. In a field experiment, we investigated parental risk taking in relation to the threat posed to themselves and their offspring. To disentangle the two threat components, we examined defence behaviours of parent blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus towards three different predators and during different nestling developmental stages. Nest defence strategies in terms of alarm call intensity and nearest predator approach differed between the three predators. Defence intensity was only partly explained by threat level. Most importantly, parental risk management varied in relation to their own, but not offspring risk. Parent defence investment was independent of nestling risk when parents followed a high-risk strategy. However, parents considered nestling as well as parental risk when following a low-risk strategy. Our findings could have general implications for the economy of risk management and decision-making strategies in living beings, including humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.