ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2015
Glioblastoma exosomes and IGF-1R/AS-ODN are immunogenic stimuli in a translational research immunotherapy paradigm.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular Vesicles as Precision Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals: Innovations, Challenges, and Therapeutic Potential.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Manipulating the tumor immune microenvironment to improve cancer immunotherapy: IGF1R, a promising target.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Drugging IGF-1R in cancer: New insights and emerging opportunities.Genes & diseases · 2023Review
- Effects of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles on the functions of immune cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
- Challenges and Opportunities for Immunotherapeutic Intervention against Myeloid Immunosuppression in Glioblastoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Novel Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Inhibitors for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease: A Methodological Perspective.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in High-Grade Gliomas: Tiny Particles with Outsized Influence.Annual review of genomics and human genetics · 2019Review
- Extracellular vesicles derived from ODN-stimulated macrophages transfer and activate Cdc42 in recipient cells and thereby increase cellular permissiveness to EV uptake.Science advances · 2019Article
- An Update on Novel Therapeutic Warfronts of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Cancer Treatment: Where We Are Standing Right Now and Where to Go in the Future.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2019Review
- Extracellular vesicles in cancer immune responses: roles of purinergic receptors.Seminars in immunopathology · 2018Review
- Article
- Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity: Subpopulations, Isolation Techniques, and Diverse Functions in Cancer Progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- The Origin and Functions of Exosomes in Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2018Review
- Loss-of-function mutation inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
- Macrophage type 2 differentiation in a patient with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma to the cervical lymph nodes.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2017Article
- How cancer cells dictate their microenvironment: present roles of extracellular vesicles.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2017Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2017Review
- Immune Checkpoint in Glioblastoma: Promising and Challenging.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastomas are primary intracranial tumors for which there is no cure. Patients receiving standard of care, chemotherapy and irradiation, survive approximately 15 months prompting studies of alternative therapies including vaccination. In a pilot study, a vaccine consisting of Lucite diffusion chambers containing irradiated autologous tumor cells pre-treated with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) directed against the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor was found to elicit positive clinical responses in 8/12 patients when implanted in the rectus sheath for 24 h. Our preliminary observations supported an immune response, and we have since reopened a second Phase 1 trial to assess this possibility among other exploratory objectives. The current study makes use of a murine glioma model and samples from glioblastoma patients in this second Phase 1 trial to investigate this novel therapeutic intervention more thoroughly. Implantation of the chamber-based vaccine protected mice from tumor challenge, and we posit this occurred through the release of immunostimulatory AS-ODN and antigen-bearing exosomes. Exosomes secreted by glioblastoma cultures are immunogenic, eliciting and binding antibodies present in the sera of immunized mice. Similarly, exosomes released by human glioblastoma cells bear antigens recognized by the sera of 6/12 patients with recurrent glioblastomas. These results suggest that the release of AS-ODN together with selective release of exosomes from glioblastoma cells implanted in chambers may drive the therapeutic effect seen in the pilot vaccine trial.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.