ArticleScience translational medicine2014
Semen enhances HIV infectivity and impairs the antiviral efficacy of microbicides.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seminal fluid enhances monkeypox virus infection via amyloidogenic fibrils.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Challenges in developing broad-spectrum viral attachment inhibitors targeting heparan sulfates and sialic acids.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- gp120-derived amyloidogenic peptides form amyloid fibrils that increase HIV-1 infectivity.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Article
- Semen enhances transmitted/founder HIV-1 infection and only marginally reduces antiviral activity of broadly neutralizing antibodies.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Spermine and spermidine bind CXCR4 and inhibit CXCR4- but not CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection.Science advances · 2023Article
- Article
- Utilization of Aminoguanidine Prevents Cytotoxic Effects of Semen.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Baseline and time-updated factors in preclinical development of anionic dendrimers as successful anti-HIV-1 vaginal microbicides.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Safety and efficacy of G2-S16 dendrimer as microbicide in healthy human vaginal tissue explants.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
- Evaluation of the novel vaginal contraceptive agent PPCM in preclinical studies using sperm hyaluronan binding and acrosome status assays.Andrology · 2022Article
- Women for science and science for women: Gaps, challenges and opportunities towards optimizing pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Semen: A modulator of female genital tract inflammation and a vector for HIV-1 transmission.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2021Review
- Dual concentration-dependent effect of ascorbic acid on PAP(248-286) amyloid formation and SEVI-mediated HIV infection.RSC chemical biology · 2021Article
- Article
- Emergence of Nanotechnology to Fight HIV Sexual Transmission: The Trip of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer to Possible Pre-Clinical Trials.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Cationic Dendrimer G2-S16 Inhibits Herpes Simplex Type 2 Infection and Protects Mice Vaginal Microbiome.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- The High Content of Fructose in Human Semen Competitively Inhibits Broad and Potent Antivirals That Target High-Mannose Glycans.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Semen Extracellular Vesicles From HIV-1-Infected Individuals Inhibit HIV-1 Replication In Vitro, and Extracellular Vesicles Carry Antiretroviral Drugs In Vivo.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Tolcapone Potently Inhibits Seminal Amyloid Fibrils Formation and Blocks Entry of Ebola Pseudoviruses.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Topically applied microbicides potently inhibit HIV in vitro but have largely failed to exert protective effects in clinical trials. One possible reason for this discrepancy is that the preclinical testing of microbicides does not faithfully reflect the conditions of HIV sexual transmission. We report that candidate microbicides that target HIV components show greatly reduced antiviral efficacy in the presence of semen, the main vector for HIV transmission. This diminished antiviral activity was dependent on the ability of amyloid fibrils in semen to enhance the infectivity of HIV. Thus, the anti-HIV efficacy of microbicides determined in the absence of semen greatly underestimated the drug concentrations needed to block semen-exposed virus. One notable exception was maraviroc. This HIV entry inhibitor targets the host cell CCR5 co-receptor and was highly active against both untreated and semen-exposed HIV. These data help to explain why microbicides have failed to protect against HIV in clinical trials and suggest that antiviral compounds targeting host factors hold promise for further development. These findings also suggest that the in vitro efficacy of candidate microbicides should be determined in the presence of semen to identify the best candidates for the prevention of HIV sexual transmission.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.