ArticleAnesthesia and analgesia2015
2-deoxy-D-glucose enhances anesthetic effects in mice.
Article in Anesthesia and analgesia, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- A metabolite-dependent mechanism by whichGut microbes · 2026Article
- NDUFA10-Mediated ATP Reduction in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Exacerbates Burst Suppression in Aged Mice.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Article
- Microtubule-modulating drugs alter sensitivity to isoflurane in mice.BMC anesthesiology · 2025Article
- Biochemical implications of robotic surgery: a new frontier in the operating room.Journal of robotic surgery · 2024Review
- Isoflurane inhibition of endocytosis is an anesthetic mechanism of action.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- How Energy Supports Our Brain to Yield Consciousness: Insights From Neuroimaging Based on the Neuroenergetics Hypothesis.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2021Review
- Idebenone: When an antioxidant is not an antioxidant.Redox biology · 2021Review
- ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 Is Critical for Regulating Sevoflurane-Induced Microglial Inflammatory Responses and Caspase-3 Activation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Article
- Dynamic Variations in Brain Glycogen are Involved in Modulating Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice.Neuroscience bulletin · 2020Article
- Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates isoflurane-induced caspase-3 activation and cognitive impairment via inhibition of isoflurane-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduction in ATP levels.American journal of translational research · 2017Article
- Increased mitochondrial ATP production capacity in brain of healthy mice and a mouse model of isolated complex I deficiency after isoflurane anesthesia.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on byIn Response.2016
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe mechanisms of general anesthesia by volatile drugs remain largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in energy levels have been suggested to be associated with general anesthesia status. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an analog of glucose, inhibits hexokinase and reduces cellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 3-Nitropropionic acid is another compound which can deplete ATP levels. In contrast, idebenone and L-carnitine could rescue deficits of energy. We therefore sought to determine whether 2-DG and/or 3-nitropropionic acid can enhance the anesthetic effects of isoflurane, and whether idebenone and L-carnitine can reverse the actions of 2-DG.
methodsC57BL/6J mice (8 months old) received different concentrations of isoflurane with and without the treatments of 2-DG, 3-nitropropionic acid, idebenone, and L-carnitine. Isoflurane-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) was determined in the mice. ATP levels in H4 human neuroglioma cells were assessed after these treatments. Finally, 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine the effects of isoflurane on brain ATP levels in the mice.
results2-DG enhanced isoflurane-induced LORR (P = 0.002, N = 15). 3-Nitropropionic acid also enhanced the anesthetic effects of isoflurane (P = 0.005, N = 15). Idebenone (idebenone + saline versus idebenone + 2-DG: P = 0.165, N = 15), but not L-carnitine (L-carnitine + saline versus L-carnitine + 2-DG: P < 0.0001, N = 15), inhibited the effects of 2-DG on enhancing isoflurane-induced LORR in the mice, as evidenced by 2-DG not enhancing isoflurane-induced LORR in the mice pretreated with idebenone. Idebenone (idebenone + saline versus idebenone + 2-DG: P = 0.177, N = 6), but not L-carnitine (L-carnitine + saline versus L-carnitine + 2-DG: P = 0.029, N = 6), also mitigated the effects of 2-DG on reducing ATP levels in cells, as evidenced by 2-DG not decreasing ATP levels in the cells pretreated with idebenone. Finally, isoflurane decreased ATP levels in both cultured cells and mouse brains (β-ATP: P = 0.003, N = 10; β-ATP/phosphocreatine: P = 0.006, N = 10; β-ATP/inorganic phosphate: P = 0.001, N = 10).
conclusionsThese results from our pilot studies have established a system and generated a hypothesis that 2-DG enhances anesthetic effects via reducing energy levels. These findings should promote further studies to investigate anesthesia mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.