ArticleNanotoxicology2015
Consumer exposures to laser printer-emitted engineered nanoparticles: A case study of life-cycle implications from nano-enabled products.
Article in Nanotoxicology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of nanoplastics emitted from incineration of polyethylene plastic on THP-1 macrophage viability and immune function.Journal of hazardous materials · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional structure of printer toner visualized using cryogenic X-ray diffraction imaging tomography.Journal of synchrotron radiation · 2025Article
- Assessment of Ingested Micro- and Nanoplastic (MNP)-Mediated Genotoxicity in an In Vitro Model of the Small Intestinal Epithelium (SIE).Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effective density of inhaled environmental and engineered nanoparticles and its impact on the lung deposition and dosimetry.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2024Article
- Barking up the Right Tree: Using Tree Bark to Track Airborne Particles in School Environment and Link Science to Society.GeoHealth · 2022Article
- Elevated Urinary Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage in Photocopier Operators following Acute and Chronic Exposures.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Release of particulate matter from nano-enabled building materials (NEBMs) across their lifecycle: Potential occupational health and safety implications.Journal of hazardous materials · 2022Article
- Printer center nanoparticles alter the DNA repair capacity of human bronchial airway epithelial cells.NanoImpact · 2022Article
- Pilot deep RNA sequencing of worker blood samples from Singapore printing industry for occupational risk assessment.NanoImpact · 2020Article
- Inhalation of printer-emitted particles impairs cardiac conduction, hemodynamics, and autonomic regulation and induces arrhythmia and electrical remodeling in rats.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2020Article
- Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Neoplastic-Like Cell TransformationChemical research in toxicology · 2019Article
- Integrated Transcriptomics, Metabolomics, and Lipidomics Profiling in Rat Lung, Blood, and Serum for Assessment of Laser Printer-Emitted Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure-Induced Disease Risks.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Safer-by-design flame-sprayed silicon dioxide nanoparticles: the role of silanol content on ROS generation, surface activity and cytotoxicity.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2019Article
- Inhaled nanomaterials and the respiratory microbiome: clinical, immunological and toxicological perspectives.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2018Review
- Environmentally Sustainable and Ecosafe Polysaccharide-Based Materials for WaterMaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Assessing electronic cigarette emissions: linking physico-chemical properties to product brand, e-liquid flavoring additives, operational voltage and user puffing patterns.Inhalation toxicology · 2018Article
- Synergistic effects of engineered nanoparticles and organics released from laser printers using nano-enabled toners: potential health implications from exposures to the emitted organic aerosol.Environmental science. Nano · 2017Article
- Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs.Critical reviews in toxicology · 2017Review
- Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene · 2017Article
- Preparation, characterization, and in vitro dosimetry of dispersed, engineered nanomaterials.Nature protocols · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
It is well established that printers emit nanoparticles during their operation. To-date, however, the physicochemical and toxicological characterization of "real world" printer-emitted nanoparticles (PEPs) remains incomplete, hampering proper risk assessment efforts. Here, we investigate our earlier hypothesis that engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are used in toners and ENMs are released during printing (consumer use). Furthermore, we conduct a detailed physicochemical and morphological characterization of PEPs in support of ongoing toxicological assessment. A comprehensive suite of state of the art analytical methods and tools was employed for the physicochemical and morphological characterization of 11 toners widely utilized in printers from major printer manufacturers and their PEPs. We confirmed that a number of ENMs incorporated into toner formulations (e.g. silica, alumina, titania, iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, cerium oxide, carbon black among others) and released into the air during printing. All evaluated toners contained large amounts of organic carbon (OC, 42-89%), metals/metal oxides (1-33%), and some elemental carbon (EC, 0.33-12%). The PEPs possess a composition similar to that of toner and contained 50-90% OC, 0.001-0.5% EC and 1-3% metals. While the chemistry of the PEPs generally reflected that of their toners, considerable differences are documented indicative of potential transformations taking place during consumer use (printing). We conclude that: (i) Routine incorporation of ENMs in toners classifies them as nano-enabled products (NEPs); (ii) These ENMs become airborne during printing; (iii) The chemistry of PEPs is complex and it reflects that of the toner and paper. This work highlights the importance of understanding life-cycle (LC) nano-EHS implications of NEPs and assessing real world exposures and associated toxicological properties rather than focusing on "raw" materials used in the synthesis of an NEP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.