ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
In vitro evolution of high-titer, virus-like vesicles containing a single structural protein.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunization with virus-like vesicle-based COVID-19 vaccine induces robust systemic and mucosal immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- CARG-2020 targets IL-12, IL-17, and PD-L1 pathways to effectively treat melanoma and breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A chimeric viral platform for directed evolution in mammalian cells.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Rational design of self-amplifying virus-like vesicles with Ebola virus glycoprotein as vaccines.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Cancer immunotherapy with enveloped self-amplifying mRNA CARG-2020 that modulates IL-12, IL-17 and PD-L1 pathways to prevent tumor recurrence.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2024Article
- Alphavirus-based replicons demonstrate different interactions with host cells and can be optimized to increase protein expression.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Viral Replicon Systems and Their Biosafety Aspects.Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association · 2023Review
- Acquisition of Furin Cleavage Site and Further SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Change the Mechanisms of Viral Entry, Infection Spread, and Cell Signaling.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Development of a hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirion for rapid quantification of neutralization antibodies and antiviral drugs.Cell reports methods · 2022Article
- Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Review
- Virus-based vaccine vectors with distinct replication mechanisms differentially infect and activate dendritic cells.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Virus-Like Vesicles Based on Semliki Forest Virus-Containing Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Make a Safe and Efficacious Rabies Vaccine Candidate in a Mouse Model.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Modified Alphavirus-Vesiculovirus Hybrid Vaccine Vectors for Homologous Prime-Boost Immunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B.Vaccines · 2020Article
- A novel rabies vaccine based on infectious propagating particles derived from hybrid VEEV-Rabies replicon.EBioMedicine · 2020Article
- Mechanisms of Innate Immune Activation by a Hybrid Alphavirus-Rhabdovirus Vaccine Platform.Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research · 2020Article
- Virus-like Vesicles Expressing Multiple Antigens for Immunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B.iScience · 2019Article
- Heterologous prime-boost immunization with vesiculovirus-based vectors expressing HBV Core antigen induces CD8Antiviral research · 2019Article
- Infectious Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) with a Complete Capsid Deletion: a New Approach for a CHIKV Vaccine.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- In vitro evolution of enhanced RNA replicons for immunotherapy.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Homologous recombination is an intrinsic defense against antiviral RNA interference.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Self-propagating, infectious, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) are generated when an alphavirus RNA replicon expresses the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) as the only structural protein. The mechanism that generates these VLVs lacking a capsid protein has remained a mystery for over 20 years. We present evidence that VLVs arise from membrane-enveloped RNA replication factories (spherules) containing VSV G protein that are largely trapped on the cell surface. After extensive passaging, VLVs evolve to grow to high titers through acquisition of multiple point mutations in their nonstructural replicase proteins. We reconstituted these mutations into a plasmid-based system from which high-titer VLVs can be recovered. One of these mutations generates a late domain motif (PTAP) that is critical for high-titer VLV production. We propose a model in which the VLVs have evolved in vitro to exploit a cellular budding pathway that is hijacked by many enveloped viruses, allowing them to bud efficiently from the cell surface. Our results suggest a basic mechanism of propagation that may have been used by primitive RNA viruses lacking capsid proteins. Capsids may have evolved later to allow more efficient packaging of RNA, greater virus stability, and evasion of innate immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.