ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2015
Microglial and macrophage polarization—new prospects for brain repair.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04088630 (Fingolimod as a Treatment of Cerebral Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage), which is not on this map. Cited by 820 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Fingolimod as a Treatment of Cerebral Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Who cites it
820 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,451 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role and Mechanism of Microglia in White Matter Injury Recovery in Ischemic Stroke.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory Interventions, and Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Human and Animal Studies.Translational stroke research · 2025Pooled it
- Association between systemic immune-inflammation index, systemic inflammation response index, and adverse outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Pathological mechanisms and future therapeutic directions of thrombin in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Hippocampal AdipoR1 regulates the microglial response and delays disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- M2-associated microglial states in oligodendrocyte regulation and white matter repair in vascular dementia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated analysis of single-cell transcriptome identifies a glial-neurovascular signaling trajectory in brain repair after ischemia.Biology direct · 2026Article
- Targeting Gasdermins for Therapeutic Interventions in Central Nervous System Injury.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Review
- Stigmasterol ameliorates neurological deficits and neuroinflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury by suppressing STAT3/NF-κB/LCN-2.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Article
- ApoE impairs microglial efferocytosis by targeting Gas6/MerTK in a mouse model of acute seizure.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Selective Kv1.3 inhibition promotes M2 microglial polarization, accelerates hematoma resolution, and improves neurological recovery following collagenase-induced spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- The Murine Antimicrobial Peptide CRAMP Alleviates Neuroinflammation By Downregulating the cGAS-STING Signalling Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Correlative Effects of PARP12 mRNA Knockdown on Pro-inflammatory Gene Expression and Alternative Splicing in BV2 Microglial Cells.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- GNPs-pIL-4 reprograms macrophage polarization and activates the OSM/GSNOR/ENG axis to improve angiogenesis in ischemic limbs.Science advances · 2026Article
- A Lactate-H4K12la-HDAC1 epigenetic axis governs microglial state transitions during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in female mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Cholesterol Drives IFITM3CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- GDF15 in Liver Fibrosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Immunoregulatory Functions, and Therapeutic Potential.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- STAT6 Targets the Autophagy Pathway to Regulate Microglial Senescence in Cognitive Impairment Caused by Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Article
- Why microglial repair programs fade.Cell research · 2026Article
- Neuronal DJ-1 regulates microglial activation in Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
760 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The traditional view of the adult brain as a static organ has changed in the past three decades, with the emergence of evidence that it remains plastic and has some regenerative capacity after injury. In the injured brain, microglia and macrophages clear cellular debris and orchestrate neuronal restorative processes. However, activation of these cells can also hinder CNS repair and expand tissue damage. Polarization of macrophage populations toward different phenotypes at different stages of injury might account for this dual role. This Perspectives article highlights the specific roles of polarized microglial and macrophage populations in CNS repair after acute injury, and argues that therapeutic approaches targeting cerebral inflammation should shift from broad suppression of microglia and macrophages towards subtle adjustment of the balance between their phenotypes. Breakthroughs in the identification of regulatory molecules that control these phenotypic shifts could ultimately accelerate research towards curing brain disorders.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.