ArticleJournal of depression & anxiety2014
Unique and interactive effect of anxiety and depressive symptoms on cognitive and brain function in young and older adults.
Article in Journal of depression & anxiety, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depression and Cognitive Control across the Lifespan: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neuropsychology review · 2020Pooled it
- Profiles of Individuals With Long COVID Reporting Persistent Cognitive Complaints.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2025Trial
- Cognitive and affective psychoeducation for Long COVID: a randomized controlled trial.Brain communications · 2025Trial
- Psychosis Risk is Associated with Increased Multimodal Reports of Socially Salient Content in Degraded Stimuli.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2026Article
- Understanding the brain mechanisms behind anxiety disorders in late life: progress and limitations of the past 15 years.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Transitions across the cognitive frailty spectrum and its association with anxiety in individuals aged 55 years and over: a 7 years longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Associations between anxious-depression and cognitive change and mild cognitive impairment: HCHS/SOL Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging.International psychogeriatrics · 2025Article
- Proteomic signatures and predictive modeling of cadmium-associated anxiety in middle-aged and elderly populations: an environmental exposure association study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Five-Factor Model Personality Domains and Facets Associated with Markers of Cognitive Health.Journal of individual differences · 2023Article
- Cognitive impairment in people with previous COVID-19 infection: A scoping review.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2022Article
- Socioeconomic status, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and executive function in adolescence: A longitudinal study with multiple informants.Psychiatry research · 2022Article
- Examining heterogeneity in depression symptoms and associations with cognition and everyday function in MCI.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2022Article
- The magnitude and effect of work-life imbalance on cognition and affective range among the non-western population: A study from Muscat.PloS one · 2022Article
- Weak associations between depressive symptom severity, depressive symptom clusters, and cognitive performance in young to middle-aged men without clinical depression.Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · 2021Article
- Be Fit, Be Sharp, Be Well: The Case for Exercise as a Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Late-life Depression.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2021Review
- Association Between Elevated Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function Moderated by APOE4 Status: Framingham Offspring Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Article
- Sex Differences in Cognitive Changes in De Novo Parkinson's Disease.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2020Article
- Variation and Interactional Non-Standardization in Neuropsychological Tests: The Case of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination.Qualitative health research · 2020Article
- Satisficing in Mental Health Care Patients: The Effect of Cognitive Symptoms on Self-Report Data Quality.Assessment · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveDepression and anxiety and are associated with cognitive deficits and brain changes, especially in older adults. Despite the frequent co-occurrence of these conditions, cognitive neuroscience studies examining comorbid depression and anxiety are limited. The goal of the present study was to examine the unique and combined effect of depressive and anxiety symptoms on cognitive and brain functioning in young and older adults.
methodsSeventy-one healthy, community-dwelling adults between the ages of 18 and 81 were administered a neuropsychological battery and completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). A subset of 25 participants also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while completing the n-back working memory task.
resultsTotal depressive symptoms, depressed mood symptoms, and somatic symptoms were associated with deficits in speed, working memory and executive functions, especially in older adults. Symptoms of lack of well-being were not associated with any neuropsychological test. Anxiety was associated with better attention and working memory. Moreover, anxiety modified the relationship between depressive symptoms and executive functioning in older adults, as elevated depressive symptoms were associated with worse performance at low levels of anxiety, but not at higher anxiety levels. Similarly, analysis of fMRI data showed that total depressive symptoms and depressed mood symptoms were associated with decreased activity in the superior frontal gyrus at low anxiety levels, but not at high anxiety levels.
conclusionResults confirm previous reports that subthreshold depression and anxiety impact cognitive and brain functioning and suggest that the interaction of depression and anxiety results in distinct cognitive and brain changes. Findings highlight the importance of assessing and controlling for symptoms of depression and anxiety in research studies of either condition.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.