ArticleHuman molecular genetics2015
Landscape of DNA methylation on the X chromosome reflects CpG density, functional chromatin state and X-chromosome inactivation.
Article in Human molecular genetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 274 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and cord blood DNA methylation.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Differential methylation as a diagnostic biomarker of rare renal diseases: a systematic review.BMC nephrology · 2019Pooled it
- Sex-linked placental DNA methylation associated with early-onset preeclampsia.Research square · 2026Article
- SPEN Loss Drives Extrafollicular Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma with Female-Specific Lethality and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Xist RNA dependent and independent mechanisms regulate dynamic X chromosome inactivation in B lymphocytes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Longitudinal study of genome-wide DNA methylation in individuals with and without post-acute symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Epigenomics · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Brain Cell Type-Specific Chromatin Accessibility in Schizophrenia.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex-influenced DNA methylation differs by placental cell type.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- The Future of Epigenetics: Emerging Technologies and Clinical Applications.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Chromosomal and hormonal factors involved in human sexual dimorphism.Endocrine journal · 2026Review
- Escape from X inactivation is directly modulated by Xist noncoding RNA.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- The role of placental DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology.Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- Intergenerational neuroimaging's present and future: Considering sex as a biological variable to enhance knowledge of brain development through parent-offspring similarity.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Whole-genome profiling of age- and sex-associated DNA methylation signatures in human plasma cell-free DNA.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Epigenetic landscape of hormone-independent sexual dimorphism and characterization of canine XIST.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- X chromosome inactivation in mammals: general principles and species-specific considerations.EMBO reports · 2025Review
- Article
- Breaking rules: the complex relationship between DNA methylation and X-chromosome inactivation in the human placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- SHOX and sex difference in height: a hypothesis.Endocrine journal · 2025Review
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) achieves dosage compensation between males and females through the silencing of the majority of genes on one of the female X chromosomes. Thus, the female X chromosomes provide a unique opportunity to study euchromatin and heterochromatin of allelic regions within the same nuclear environment. We examined the interplay of DNA methylation (DNAm) with CpG density, transcriptional activity and chromatin state at genes on the X chromosome using over 1800 female samples analysed with the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation450 BeadChip. DNAm was used to predict an inactivation status for 63 novel transcription start sites (TSSs) across 27 tissues. There was high concordance of inactivation status across tissues, with 62% of TSSs subject to XCI in all 27 tissues examined, whereas 9% escaped from XCI in all tissues, and the remainder showed variable escape from XCI between females in subsets of tissues. Inter-female and twin data supported a model of predominately cis-acting influences on inactivation status. The level of expression from the inactive X relative to the active X correlated with the amount of female promoter DNAm to a threshold of ∼30%, beyond which genes were consistently subject to inactivation. The inactive X showed lower DNAm than the active X at intragenic and intergenic regions for genes subject to XCI, but not at genes that escape from inactivation. Our categorization of genes that escape from X inactivation provides candidates for sex-specific differences in disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.