Interactive impacts of a herbivore and a pathogen on two resistance types of Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae).

It is well known that pathogens and arthropod herbivores attacking the same host plant may affect each other. Little is known, however, about their combined impact on plant fitness, which may differ from simple additive expectations. In a 2-year common garden field experiment, we tested whether the pathogen Albugo sp. (white blister rust) and the herbivorous flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum affected each other's performance on two resistance types (G-type and P-type) of the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and whether biomass, reproduction and survival of the plants were affected by interactive impacts of the antagonists. Most of the insect-resistant G-plants were severely affected by white rust, which reduced biomass and reproductive potential compared to the controls. However, when also exposed to flea beetles, biomass loss was mitigated in G-plants, even though apparent disease symptoms were not reduced. Most of the insect-susceptible P-plants were resistant to white rust; however, the number of flea beetle mines tended to increase in plants also exposed to Albugo, and biomass at the last harvest was slightly lower in the combined treatment. Thus, interactive impacts of the herbivore and pathogen differed between the two resistance types, with an antagonistic combined impact in G-plants, which lasted surprisingly long, and a slight synergistic impact in P-plants.