ArticleBreastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine2014
Temporal trends in the inflammatory cytokine profile of human breastmilk.
Article in Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Inflammatory Markers in Mother's Own Milk and Infant Stool of Very Low Birthweight Infants.Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association · 2023Trial
- Timing of milk expression following delivery in mothers delivering preterm very low birth weight infants: a randomized trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2020Trial
- Associations between Parity, History of Breastfeeding, and T-cell Profile of Ovarian Tumors.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Infant respiratory infections modulate lymphocyte homing to breast milk.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Cellular and transcriptional diversity over the course of human lactation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Ontogeny of plasma cytokine and chemokine concentrations across the first week of human life.Cytokine · 2021Article
- Associations between Physiological Biomarkers and Psychosocial Measures of Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety and Depression with Support Intervention.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Probiotic Supplementation and Human Milk Cytokine Profiles in Japanese Women: A Retrospective Study from an Open-Label Pilot Study.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Best Practices for Human Milk Collection for COVID-19 Research.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2021Review
- Immediate Pre-Partum SARS-CoV-2 Status and Immune Profiling of Breastmilk: A Case-Control Study.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Immune Responses and Risk of Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Implications for Higher Rates among African American Women.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Review
- γδ T cells are the predominant T cell type in opossum mammaries during lactation.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2019Article
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in human milk: an exploratory analysis of racial differences to inform breast cancer etiology.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2018Article
- Review
- Maternal and pregnancy-related factors affecting human milk cytokines among Peruvian mothers bearing low-birth-weight neonates.Journal of reproductive immunology · 2017Article
- Subclinical mastitis occurs frequently in association with dramatic changes in inflammatory/anti-inflammatory breast milk components.Pediatric research · 2017Article
- What's Normal? Immune Profiling of Human Milk from Healthy Women Living in Different Geographical and Socioeconomic Settings.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Potential of breastmilk analysis to inform early events in breast carcinogenesis: rationale and considerations.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A longer lifetime duration of breastfeeding may decrease the risk of breast cancer by reducing breast inflammation and mitigating inflammatory cytokine expression during postlactational involution. However, little is known about how the inflammatory cytokine profile in human breastmilk changes over time. To study temporal trends in breastmilk cytokine expression, we measured 80 human cytokines in the whey fraction of breastmilk samples from 15 mothers at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum. We used mixed models to identify temporal changes in cytokine expression and investigated parity status (multiparous vs. primiparous) as a potential confounder. Nine cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein-78, hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, interleukin-16, interleukin-8, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, osteoprotegerin, and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase-2) had significantly decreased expression with increasing breastfeeding duration; all nine have known roles in breast involution, inflammation, and cancer and may serve as biomarkers of changing breast microenvironment. No cytokine significantly increased in level over the study period. Total protein concentration significantly decreased over time (p<0.0001), which may mediate the association between length of breastfeeding and inflammatory cytokine expression. Parity status did not confound temporal trends, but levels of several cytokines were significantly higher among multiparous versus primiparous women. Our results suggest that inflammatory cytokine expression during lactation is dynamic, and expressed milk may provide a noninvasive window into the extensive biological changes that occur in the postpartum breast.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.