ArticlePloS one2014
A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 260 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circadian realignment and depressed mood: A systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Association between sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A one-hour delayed school start improves sleep, sleepiness and inhibitory control in early adolescents in a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Report from a randomized control trial: improved alignment between circadian biology and sleep-wake behavior as a mechanism of depression symptom improvement in evening-type adolescents with depressive symptoms.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Neurobehavioral Impact of Successive Cycles of Sleep Restriction With and Without Naps in Adolescents.Sleep · 2017Trial
- Decreased sleep quality in high myopia children.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Subjective Sleep Timing and Social Jet Lag Relate to Neural Activation During Reward Feedback in Adolescence.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Sleep Is Integral to School Health and Adolescent Wellbeing: An Evidence-Based Call to Action.The Journal of school health · 2026Review
- Sleep quality and disturbances in adolescents and young adults with cancer compared to a healthy comparison group: results of the AYA-LE study.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Examining the heritability of actigraphy-assessed and parent-reported sleep duration in a community sample of twins across childhood and adolescence.Sleep medicine · 2026Article
- Social jetlag and academic performance in adolescents: insights from a region with structural circadian misalignment.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Review
- Structural Brain Correlates of Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents: A Narrative Review of MRI Evidence.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Relationships between sleep duration and suicidal behaviors in Chinese adolescents: results from Zhejiang childhood behavior and health cohort.BMC public health · 2026Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The aim of this descriptive analysis was to examine sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across adolescence in a longitudinal study design. Ninety-four adolescents participated; 38 (21 boys) were 9-10 years ("younger cohort") and 56 (30 boys) were 15-16 years ("older cohort") at the baseline assessment. Participants completed a baseline and then follow-up assessments approximately every six months for 2.5 years. At each assessment, participants wore a wrist actigraph for at least one week at home to measure self-selected sleep timing before salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) phase - a marker of the circadian timing system - was measured in the laboratory. Weekday and weekend sleep onset and offset and weekend-weekday differences were derived from actigraphy. Phase angles were the time durations from DLMO to weekday sleep onset and offset times. Each cohort showed later sleep onset (weekend and weekday), later weekend sleep offset, and later DLMO with age. Weekday sleep offset shifted earlier with age in the younger cohort and later in the older cohort after age 17. Weekend-weekday sleep offset differences increased with age in the younger cohort and decreased in the older cohort after age 17. DLMO to sleep offset phase angle narrowed with age in the younger cohort and became broader in the older cohort. The older cohort had a wider sleep onset phase angle compared to the younger cohort; however, an age-related phase angle increase was seen in the younger cohort only. Individual differences were seen in these developmental trajectories. This descriptive study indicated that circadian phase and self-selected sleep delayed across adolescence, though school-day sleep offset advanced until no longer in high school, whereupon offset was later. Phase angle changes are described as an interaction of developmental changes in sleep regulation interacting with psychosocial factors (e.g., bedtime autonomy).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.