ArticlePloS one2014
Transgene detection by digital droplet PCR.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Gene doping: current test methods and analytical challenges].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2026Review
- Improvement of EPO Transgene Detection From Polymeric Dried Blood Spots for Antidoping Application.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Osmotically Tunable Microdroplets Enable Amplification-Free CRISPR Detection of Gene Doping.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Codon changes challenge PCR-based gene doping detection.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Gene doping in horse racing and equine sports: Current landscape and future perspectives.Equine veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Cell-free DNA release following psychosocial and physical stress in women and men.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- PCR-Based Equine Gene Doping Test for the Australian Horseracing Industry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Application of next-generation sequencing in the detection of transgenic crop.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Review
- Analysis of Potential Gene Doping Preparations for Transgenic DNA in the Context of Sports Drug Testing Programs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Conditionally immortalised equine skeletal muscle cell lines forBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2023Article
- Control of gene doping in human and horse sports.Gene therapy · 2022Article
- Development of an Event-Specific Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Quantification and Evaluation of the Transgene DNAs in Trace Samples of GMFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Cell-free DNA release under psychosocial and physical stress conditions.Translational psychiatry · 2018Article
- Single Cell-Based Vector Tracing in Patients with ADA-SCID Treated with Stem Cell Gene Therapy.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2017Article
- Establishment of two quantitative nested qPCR assays targeting the human EPO transgene.Gene therapy · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Somatic gene therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of severe diseases. Because of its abuse potential for performance enhancement in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) included the term 'gene doping' in the official list of banned substances and methods in 2004. Several nested PCR or qPCR-based strategies have been proposed that aim at detecting long-term presence of transgene in blood, but these strategies are hampered by technical limitations. We developed a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) protocol for Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) detection and demonstrated its applicability monitoring 6 mice injected into skeletal muscle with AAV9-IGF1 elements and 2 controls over a 33-day period. A duplex ddPCR protocol for simultaneous detection of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1) and Erythropoietin (EPO) transgenic elements was created. A new DNA extraction procedure with target-orientated usage of restriction enzymes including on-column DNA-digestion was established. In vivo data revealed that IGF1 transgenic elements could be reliably detected for a 33-day period in DNA extracted from whole blood. In vitro data indicated feasibility of IGF1 and EPO detection by duplex ddPCR with high reliability and sensitivity. On-column DNA-digestion allowed for significantly improved target detection in downstream PCR-based approaches. As ddPCR provides absolute quantification, it ensures excellent day-to-day reproducibility. Therefore, we expect this technique to be used in diagnosing and monitoring of viral and bacterial infection, in detecting mutated DNA sequences as well as profiling for the presence of foreign genetic material in elite athletes in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.