ArticlePloS one2014
Impact of co-infections and BCG immunisation on immune responses among household contacts of tuberculosis patients in a Ugandan cohort.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transmission Dynamics in Tuberculosis Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 32 Observational Studies.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Pooled it
- The extent, nature, and pathogenic consequences of helminth polyparasitism in humans: A meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on immune responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis: an open label randomised, controlled, exploratory study.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- The human immunome in the post-schistosomiasis mass drug administration era.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Acute Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL Infection During BCG Vaccination Limits T Cell Responses and Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition.Immunology · 2025Article
- Helminth Coinfections Modulate Disease Dynamics and Vaccination Success in the Era of Emerging Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Isoniazid preventive therapy modulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-cell responses in individuals with latent tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Self-reported COVID-19 severity among persons with tuberculosis infection in western Kenya, 2021.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- AssessingiScience · 2024Article
- ImpairedFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Feasibility and acceptability of undertaking postmortem studies for tuberculosis medical research in a low income country.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Malaria and tuberculosis co-infection-a review.Oxford open immunology · 2023Review
- Immunological Interactions between Intestinal Helminth Infections and Tuberculosis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection Status of Pregnant Women in Uganda Determined Using QuantiFERON TB Gold-Plus.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Immunological Considerations forFrontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Tuberculosis susceptibility and protection in children.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2019Review
- Coinfections and comorbidities in African health systems: At the interface of infectious and noninfectious diseases.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2018Review
- Best practice assessment of disease modelling for infectious disease outbreaks.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Review
- Elevated IgG Responses in Infants Are Associated With Reduced Prevalence ofFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- Characterising antibody avidity in individuals of varied Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection status using surface plasmon resonance.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTuberculosis incidence in resource poor countries remains high. We hypothesized that immune modulating co-infections such as helminths, malaria, and HIV increase susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), thereby contributing to maintaining the tuberculosis epidemic.
methodsAdults with sputum-positive tuberculosis (index cases) and their eligible household contacts (HHCs) were recruited to a cohort study between May 2011 and January 2012. HHCs were investigated for helminths, malaria, and HIV at enrolment. HHCs were tested using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFN) assay at enrolment and six months later. Overnight whole blood culture supernatants from baseline QFN assays were analyzed for cytokine responses using an 11-plex Luminex assay. Associations between outcomes (LTBI or cytokine responses) and exposures (co-infections and other risk factors) were examined using multivariable logistic and linear regression models.
resultsWe enrolled 101 index cases and 291 HHCs. Among HHCs, baseline prevalence of helminths was 9% (25/291), malaria 16% (47/291), HIV 6% (16/291), and LTBI 65% (179/277). Adjusting for other risk factors and household clustering, there was no association between LTBI and any co-infection at baseline or at six months: adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI); p-value) at baseline for any helminth, 1.01 (0.39-2.66; 0.96); hookworm, 2.81 (0.56-14.14; 0.20); malaria, 1.06 (0.48-2.35; 0.87); HIV, 0.74 (0.22-2.47; 0.63). HHCs with LTBI had elevated cytokine responses to tuberculosis antigens but co-infections had little effect on cytokine responses. Exploring other risk factors, Th1 cytokines among LTBI-positive HHCs with BCG scars were greatly reduced compared to those without scars: (adjusted geometric mean ratio) IFNγ 0.20 (0.09-0.42), <0.0001; IL-2 0.34 (0.20-0.59), <0.0001; and TNFα 0.36 (0.16-0.79), 0.01.
conclusionsWe found no evidence that co-infections increase the risk of LTBI, or influence the cytokine response profile among those with LTBI. Prior BCG exposure may reduce Th1 cytokine responses in LTBI.
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Registered trials
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