ArticleJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2015
Regulation of brain blood flow and oxygen delivery in elite breath-hold divers.
Article in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Pooled it
- Peripheral chemoreflex inhibition with low-dose dopamine: new insight into mechanisms of extreme apnea.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2015Trial
- Exogenous ketosis in breath-hold diving: Promise, paradox and physiological risk.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Stress Biomarker Adaptations to Breath-Hold Training in a National-Level Swimmer: A Signal-Generating Single-Case Study.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Aquaticity as a Latent Dimension of Aquatic Performance: Conceptual Framework and Application to Breath-Hold Diving.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- Brain strain: Blood flow and metabolism in environmental extremes.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Microelectrode recordings from the human cervical vagus nerve during maximal breath-holds.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- From bedside to seaside: An academic's attempt at freediving.Experimental physiology · 2025Article
- Apnoea as a novel method to improve exercise performance: A current state of the literature.Experimental physiology · 2025Review
- Characterizing the physiology of circulatory arrest in humans.Nature medicine · 2025Observational
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism During Monofin Swimming in Trained Breath-Hold Divers.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Respiratory system responses to a maximal apnoea.Experimental physiology · 2025Review
- Association of Arterial Stiffness Index and Brain Structure in the UK Biobank: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis.Aging and disease · 2024Article
- Wavelet Analysis of Respiratory Muscle sEMG Signals during the Physiological Breakpoint of Static Dry End-Expiratory Breath-Holding in Naive Apneists: A Pilot Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Hypoxemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability during extreme apnea in humans.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2022Article
- Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Assessment of respiratory effort with EMG extracted from ECG recordings during prolonged breath holds: Insights into obstructive apnea and extreme physiology.Physiological reports · 2021Article
- Six weeks of dynamic apnoeic training stimulates erythropoiesis but does not increase splenic volume.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Effect of Apnea-Induced Hypoxia on Cardiovascular Adaptation and Circulating Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Elite Breath-Hold Divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Association Between Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Lung Ultrasound B-Lines After Competitive Deep Breath-Hold Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The roles of involuntary breathing movements (IBMs) and cerebral oxygen delivery in the tolerance to extreme hypoxemia displayed by elite breath-hold divers are unknown. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial blood gases (ABGs), and cardiorespiratory metrics were measured during maximum dry apneas in elite breath-hold divers (n=17). To isolate the effects of apnea and IBM from the concurrent changes on ABG, end-tidal forcing ('clamp') was then used to replicate an identical temporal pattern of decreasing arterial PO2 (PaO2) and increasing arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) while breathing. End-apnea PaO2 ranged from 23 to 37 mm Hg (30 ± 7 mm Hg). Elevation in mean arterial pressure was greater during apnea than during clamp reaching +54 ± 24% versus 34 ± 26%, respectively; however, CBF increased similarly between apnea and clamp (93.6 ± 28% and 83.4 ± 38%, respectively). This latter observation indicates that during the overall apnea period IBM per se do not augment CBF and that the brain remains sufficiently protected against hypertension. Termination of apnea was not determined by reduced cerebral oxygen delivery; despite 40% to 50% reductions in arterial oxygen content, oxygen delivery was maintained by commensurately increased CBF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.