ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2014
Cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 export to uninfected cells exosomes containing STING, viral mRNAs, and microRNAs.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
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Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Exosome-Associated Gene Network and the Role of SPP1 in Herpes Stromal Keratitis and the Therapeutic Modulation by Ursolic Acid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- P22 Small Noncoding RNAs Are Actively Secreted inNon-coding RNA · 2026Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway at the crossroads of neuroimmunology: bridging innate immunity to aging and neurodegeneration.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles are associated with Getah virus RNA and transmission-related readoutsFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Intercellular highways of viral spread: tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles at the maternal-fetal interface.Current opinion in virology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles: Antiviral functions and applications in therapeutics and vaccines.iScience · 2025Review
- A game of hide-and-seek: how extracellular vesicles evade the immune system.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
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- HSV-1 virions and related particles: biogenesis and implications in the infection.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Extracellular viral microRNAs as biomarkers of virus infection in human cells.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- A Primer on Proteomic Characterization of Intercellular Communication in a Virus Microenvironment.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Review
- Recruitment of apolipoprotein E facilitates Herpes simplex virus 1 attachment and release.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Herpes simplex virus-1 targets the 2'-3'cGAMP importer SLC19A1 as an antiviral countermeasure.Virology · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles promote the infection and pathogenicity of Japanese encephalitis virus.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Neutral sphingomyelinase 2: A promising drug target for CNS disease.Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Trabectedin promotes oncolytic virus antitumor efficacy, viral gene expression, and immune effector function in models of bone sarcoma.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- Exosome-mediated viral nucleic acid presentation in a crustacean expounds innate immunity from a novel perspective.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Import of extracellular 2'-3'cGAMP by the folate transporter, SLC19A1, establishes an antiviral response that limits herpes simplex virus-1.Antiviral research · 2024Article
- A review of HSV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and advanced applications.Molecular biomedicine · 2024Review
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
STING (stimulator of IFN genes) activates the IFN-dependent innate immune response to infection on sensing the presence of DNA in cytosol. The quantity of STING accumulating in cultured cells varies; it is relatively high in some cell lines [e.g., HEp-2, human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEL), and HeLa] and low in others (e.g., Vero cells). In a preceding publication we reported that STING was stable in four cell lines infected with herpes simplex virus 1 and that it was actively stabilized in at least two cell lines derived from human cancers. In this report we show that STING is exported from HEp-2 cells to Vero cells along with virions, viral mRNAs, microRNAs, and the exosome marker protein CD9. The virions and exosomes copurified. The quantity of STING and CD9 exported from one cell line to another was inoculum-size-dependent and reflected the levels of STING and CD9 accumulating in the cells in which the virus inoculum was made. The export of STING, an innate immune sensor, and of viral mRNAs whose major role may be in silencing viral genes in latently infected neurons, suggests that the virus has evolved mechanisms that curtail rather than foster the spread of infection under certain conditions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.