ArticleThe Journal of craniofacial surgery2014
Nodal pathway genes are down-regulated in facial asymmetry.
Article in The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Craniofacial syndromes and class III phenotype: common genotype fingerprints? A scoping review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2024Pooled it
- Precision Assessment of Facial Asymmetry Using 3D Imaging and Artificial Intelligence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Nodal modulator (NOMO) is a force-bearing transmembrane protein required for muscle differentiation.The Journal of cell biology · 2025Article
- Transcriptome analyses of murine right and left maxilla-mandibular complex.Orthodontics & craniofacial research · 2023Article
- Article
- Super-Enhancer-Associated Transcription Factors Maintain Transcriptional Regulation in Mature Podocytes.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2021Article
- Masticatory muscle function affects the pathological conditions of dentofacial deformities.The Japanese dental science review · 2020Review
- Mechanobehavior and mandibular ramus length in different facial phenotypes.The Angle orthodontist · 2020Article
- ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes associated with subclassifications of craniofacial asymmetry and severity of temporomandibular disorders.American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics · 2017Article
- ENPP1 and ESR1 genotypes influence temporomandibular disorders development and surgical treatment response in dentofacial deformities.Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFacial asymmetry is a common comorbid condition in patients with jaw deformation malocclusion. Heritability of malocclusion is advancing rapidly, but very little is known regarding genetic contributions to asymmetry. This study identifies differences in expression of key asymmetry-producing genes that are down-regulated in patients with facial asymmetry.
methodsMasseter muscle samples were collected during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy orthognathic surgery to correct skeletal-based malocclusion. Patients were classified as class II or III and open or deep bite malocclusion with or without facial asymmetry. Muscle samples were analyzed for gene expression differences on Affymetrix HT2.0 microarray global expression chips.
resultsOverall gene expression was different for asymmetric patients compared with other malocclusion classifications by principal component analysis (P < 0.05). We identified differences in the nodal signaling pathway, which promotes development of mesoderm and endoderm and left-right patterning during embryogenesis. Nodal and Lefty expression was 1.39- to 1.84-fold greater (P < 3.41 × 10), whereas integral membrane Nodal modulators Nomo1,2,3 were -5.63 to -5.81 (P < 3.05 × 10) less in asymmetry subjects. Fold differences among intracellular pathway members were negative in the range of -7.02 to -2.47 (P < 0.003). Finally Pitx2, an upstream effector of Nodal known to influence the size of type II skeletal muscle fibers was also significantly decreased in facial asymmetry (P < 0.05).
conclusionsWhen facial asymmetry is part of skeletal malocclusion, there are decreases in nodal signaling pathway genes in masseter muscle. This data suggest that the nodal signaling pathway is down-regulated to help promote development of asymmetry. Pitx2 expression differences also contributed to both skeletal and muscle development in this condition.
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