ReviewTherapeutic advances in drug safety2014
Combined hormonal contraceptives: prescribing patterns, compliance, and benefits versus risks.
Review in Therapeutic advances in drug safety, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06067256 (A Multicentre, Prospective, Open-label, Non-comparative Study to Evaluate Menstrual Bleeding Typology, Tolerability, and Compliance During a Monophasic Hormonal Contraceptive Treatment With Norgestimate + Ethinylestradiol in Italy.), which is not on this map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Multicentre, Prospective, Open-label, Non-comparative Study to Evaluate Menstrual Bleeding Typology, Tolerability, and Compliance During a Monophasic Hormonal Contraceptive Treatment With Norgestimate + Ethinylestradiol in Italy.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical practice guideline on pregnancy and renal disease.BMC nephrology · 2019Guideline
- Effect of age at first use of oral contraceptives on breast cancer risk: An updated meta-analysis.Medicine · 2019Pooled it
- A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Erenumab and a Combined Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Females.CNS drugs · 2019Trial
- The Use of Combined Oral Contraceptives for ˃6 Months Is Not Associated with Body Fat or Bone Density, Regardless of Dietary Differences-A Pilot Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Differences in verbal memory, visuospatial ability and cognitive inhibition among young women using drospirenone and ethinyl oestradiol oral contraceptives versus naturally cycling controls.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Engineering Decavalent, Sperm-Binding Laminin-IgG Hybrid Antibodies for Potent Non-Hormonal Contraception.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Effect of combined oral contraceptive use on verbal memory function in healthy women.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Article
- Oral contraceptive use increases bone density and reduces the risk of osteoporosis.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Recent investigations on the impact of levonorgestrel and 17β-ethinylestradiol on melanoma.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Article
- Extensive modulation of the circulating blood proteome by hormonal contraceptive use across two population studies.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Kidney disease and reproductive health.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2025Review
- Exploring Antibiotic-Mediated Disruption of Enterohepatic Circulation and Combined Oral Contraceptive Efficacy: A Systematic Review.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Oral contraceptives in adolescents: a retrospective population-based study on blood pressure and metabolic dysregulation.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2024Article
- Prevalence of anxiety and depression among Lebanese women using oral contraceptives: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- A Multi-Institutional Informed Consent Proposal as a Prevention Tool for Combined Oral Contraceptive Intake and Thrombotic Risk.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index among combined oral contraceptive users in Chencha town Southern Ethiopia, 2019.Frontiers in global women's health · 2023Article
- Allosteric modulation of gonadotropin receptors.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Article
- Impact of hormonal contraceptives on sex differences in fear conditioning and fear extinction in PTSD.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Combined hormonal contraceptives [combined oral contraceptives (COCs)] have been available for over 50 years and the impact of this invention may not be overestimated. Today over 100 million women are current users and in Western Europe and the United States approximately 80% of women of fertile ages can be considered as ever-users. Over the years several drawbacks have been identified and media alarms on risks are frequently presented, resulting in suboptimal compliance and low compliance and continuation rates. Poor compliance and discontinuation is a big problem and is not generally identified by prescribers. During ideal use COCs offer very good protection against unwanted pregnancies, however there is a big problem with compliance and continuation and thus the 'real-life' efficacy is much lower. Reasons for poor compliance include side effects and fear of side effects and it is crucial that the prescriber gives the individual woman thorough and balanced information on the benefits and risks. Most well known is the increased risk of venous thromboembolism, but also an elevated risk of arterial thrombosis and several types of cancer has been reported. The risk estimates are low but according to the large number of users a substantial number of extra cases will occur. However, use of COCs also offers several additional health benefits with significant impact on morbidity and quality of life. COC use is associated with a substantial decrease in the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and colorectal cancer. Moreover, COCs are a major option of treatment for women suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea as well as hirsutism and acne vulgaris. The net effect of the additional health effects of COC- use may very well be positive, i.e. a slight increase in life expectancy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.