Introducing glycophage arrays: facile production, purification and patterning of glycophages.

Glycosylation is a widespread post-translational modification that plays important roles in health and disease. As glycan sequence and structure are not directly coded into the genome, our understanding of glycans and their functions in biological systems is much more primitive than that of DNA and proteins.Recently, printed glycan microarrays (glycoarrays) have emerged as powerful, high-throughput tools for screening glycan-protein interactions[1,2], and have been applied in disease detection [3], drug discovery [4], the study of immunity [5], and host-pathogen interactions [1, 2], among others.Unfortunately, glycoarray applications are currently limited by the expensive and complex methods available to synthesize glycans or alternatively, by the challenges in identifying and tagging glycans from natural sources [6, 7]. In this issue of Biotechnology Journal, Çelik et al. [8] introduce a potentially powerful new method for facile, scalable production, and purification of glycans compatible with microarray patterning. Çelik et al.’s [8] approach is based on innovative deployment of filamentous phage display so that the displayed proteins can be tagged with specific glycans of interest (glycophages) and subsequently patterned in array format.