ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2014
Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in offspring.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy on Depressive and Anxiety Behaviors in Offspring: A Meta-analysis.Depression and anxiety · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Exposure to Parental Substance Use and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Pooled it
- Labor epidural analgesia and subsequent risk of offspring autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a cross-national cohort study of 4.5 million individuals and their siblings.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Pooled it
- Prenatal smoking, alcohol and caffeine exposure and offspring externalizing disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders - a systematic review of twin and sibling studies.Development and psychopathology · 2021Pooled it
- The Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review.Child psychiatry and human development · 2016Pooled it
- Genetic investigation of the association between maternal dietary patterns and offspring ADHD.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental disorders in children with congenital abdominal wall defects: a national population-based study.Pediatric surgery international · 2025Article
- Setting a research agenda for examining early risk for elevated cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms using data from the ABCD cohort.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Association of preterm birth and birth size status with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in spontaneous births.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Multigenerational association between smoking and autism spectrum disorder: findings from a nationwide prospective cohort study.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Setting a research agenda for examining early risk for elevated cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms using data from the ABCD cohort.Research square · 2024Article
- Serum levels of glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine in boys diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Association between maternal exercise during pregnancy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among preschool children in Southwest China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Exposure to Smoking as a Predictor of ADHD Subtypes Among Children Within Saudi Arabia: An Observational Study.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Parental substance use disorder and risk of intellectual disability in offspring in Sweden: a national register study.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- The Swedish medical birth register during five decades: documentation of the content and quality of the register.European journal of epidemiology · 2023Review
- Shared Genetic Factors Contributing to the Overlap between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Overweight/Obesity in Swedish Adolescent Girls and Boys.Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies · 2022Article
- Use of Population-Level Administrative Data in Developmental Science.Annual review of developmental psychology · 2022Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal Smoking During Pregnancy (SDP) has consistently been associated with increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring, but recent studies indicate that this association might be due to unmeasured familial confounding.
methodsA total of 813,030 individuals born in Sweden between 1992 and 2000 were included in this nationwide population-based cohort study. Data on maternal SDP and ADHD diagnosis were obtained from national registers and patients were followed up from the age of 3 to the end of 2009. Hazard Ratios (HRs) were estimated using stratified Cox regression models. Cousin and sibling data were used to control for unmeasured familial confounding.
resultsAt the population level maternal SDP predicted ADHD in offspring (HR(ModerateSDP) = 1.89; HR(HighSDP)= 2.50). This estimate gradually attenuated toward the null when adjusting for measured confounders (HR(ModerateSDP)= 1.62; HR(HighSDP)= 2.04), unmeasured confounders shared within the extended family (i.e., cousin comparison) (HR(ModerateSDP)= 1.45; HR(HighSDP)= 1.69), and unmeasured confounders within the nuclear family (i.e., sibling comparison) (HR(ModerateSDP)= 0.88; HR(HighSDP)= 0.84).
conclusionsOur results suggest that the association between maternal SDP and offspring ADHD are due to unmeasured familial confounding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.