ArticleBMJ open2014
Evaluation of swabbing methods for estimating the prevalence of bacterial carriage in the upper respiratory tract: a cross sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older: A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors.The Journal of infection · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Respiratory tract bacteria distribution and transmission patterns among individuals in close contact.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Assessing the use of minimally invasive self-sampling at home for long-term monitoring of the microbiota within UK families.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Investigation of Upper Respiratory Carriage of Bacterial Pathogens among University Students in Kampar, Malaysia.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Article
- Across-Shift Changes in Viable Nasal Bacteria among Waste-Incineration Plant Workers-A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The characterization ofMicrobial genomics · 2022Article
- Study of Bacterial Contamination in Operating Theatres at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawah, Iraq.Archives of Razi Institute · 2021Article
- Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24-months of life: A prospective birth cohort study.Pediatric pulmonology · 2019Observational
- Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in a Brazilian elderly cohort.PloS one · 2019Observational
- Bronchiectasis in Children: Current Concepts in Immunology and Microbiology.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2017Review
- Validation of self-administered nasal swabs and postage for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus.Journal of medical microbiology · 2016Article
- Five winters of pneumococcal serotype replacement in UK carriage following PCV introduction.Vaccine · 2015Article
- Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Carriage in the Conjugate Vaccine Era with a Focus on Pneumococci.Journal of immunology research · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesBacterial carriage in the upper respiratory tract is usually asymptomatic but can lead to respiratory tract infection (RTI), meningitis and septicaemia. We aimed to provide a baseline measure of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis carriage within the community. Self-swabbing and healthcare professional (HCP) swabbing were compared.
designCross-sectional study.
settingIndividuals registered at 20 general practitioner practices within the Wessex Primary Care Research Network South West, UK.
participants10,448 individuals were invited to participate; 5394 within a self-swabbing group and 5054 within a HCP swabbing group. Self-swabbing invitees included 2405 individuals aged 0-4 years and 3349 individuals aged ≥5 years. HCP swabbing invitees included 1908 individuals aged 0-4 years and 3146 individuals aged ≥5 years.
results1574 (15.1%) individuals participated, 1260 (23.4%, 95% CI 22.3% to 24.5%) undertaking self-swabbing and 314 (6.2%, 95% CI 5.5% to 6.9%) undertaking HCP-led swabbing. Participation was lower in young children and more deprived practice locations. Swab positivity rates were 34.8% (95% CI 32.2% to 37.4%) for self-taken nose swabs (NS), 19% (95% CI 16.8% to 21.2%) for self-taken whole mouth swabs (WMS), 25.2% (95% CI 20.4% to 30%) for nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and 33.4% (95% CI 28.2% to 38.6%) for HCP-taken WMS. Carriage rates of S. aureus were highest in NS (21.3%). S. pneumoniae carriage was highest in NS (11%) and NPS (7.4%). M. catarrhalis carriage was highest in HCP-taken WMS (28.8%). H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa carriage were similar between swab types. N. meningitidis was not detected in any swab. Age and recent RTI affected carriage of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Participant costs were lower for self-swabbing (£41.21) versus HCP swabbing (£69.66).
conclusionsHigher participation and lower costs of self-swabbing as well as sensitivity of self-swabbing favour this method for use in large population-based respiratory carriage studies.
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