ArticleCaries research2015
Blood levels of the heavy metal, lead, and caries in children aged 24-72 months: NHANES III.
Article in Caries research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Heavy metal exposure and dental caries in children and adolescents: a NHANES-based analysis integrating machine learning approaches.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Environmental Determinants of Early Childhood Caries: A Narrative Synthesis of Observational Evidence and Implications for Global Policy.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Correlation Between Urinary Heavy Metals and Early Childhood Caries in a Typical Industrial and Mining Area.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Systematic Review of Lead Exposure and Its Effects on Caries and Aesthetics in Children and Adolescents.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A scoping review on the associations between early childhood caries and sustainable cities and communities using the sustainable development goal 11 framework.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Metal mixtures and oral health among children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2017-2020.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2024Article
- Association between exposure to environmental pollutants and increased oral health risks, a comprehensive review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- How does the early life environment influence the oral microbiome and determine oral health outcomes in childhood?BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Blood levels of lead and dental caries in permanent teeth.Journal of public health dentistry · 2020Article
- Association Between Environmental Health, Ecosystem Vitality, and Early Childhood Caries.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Article
- Primary teeth microhardness and lead (Pb) levels.Heliyon · 2019Article
- Direct medical expenditures associated with Alzheimer's and related dementias (ADRD) in a nationally representative sample of older adults - an excess cost approach.Aging & mental health · 2018Article
- Association between Low blood lead levels and increased risk of dental caries in children: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2017Article
- Chronic Condition Combinations and Productivity Loss Among Employed Nonelderly Adults (18 to 64 Years).Journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2016Article
- Trends and variability in blood lead concentrations among US adults aged 20-64 years and senior citizens aged ≥65 years.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Lead remains a significant pollutant. It has acute toxic and chronic effects on many tissues and accumulates in teeth and bones. The researchers for this study investigated the association of blood lead levels with the extent/severity of caries as measured by the number of decayed/filled teeth of children aged 24-72 months using data from NHANES III (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), accounting for the excess zero caries in the analysis and using less than 2 µg/dl as the reference blood lead level (n = 3,127). Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models indicated unadjusted extent/severity mean ratios of 1.79, 1.88 and 1.94 for the number of decayed/filled teeth in children whose blood lead levels were 2-5, 5-10 and >10 µg/dl, respectively, compared with children having <2 µg/dl blood lead levels. The results did not attenuate when other variables were added to the model for the 5-10 and >10 µg/dl levels of exposure. The adjusted extent/severity mean ratios were 1.84, 2.14 and 1.91, respectively, for the categories. This study indicated a strong association of blood lead levels with increasing numbers of carious teeth in children aged 24-72 months. These findings support other studies in an innovative analysis handling cases of children with no caries. The findings may inform caries risk assessment.
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