ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2014
Improvements on restricted insecticide application protocol for control of Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis in eastern Uganda.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of African animal trypanosomiasis among livestock and domestic animals in Uganda: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis from 1980 to 2022.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Knowledge mapping of risk mitigation measures against vector-borne diseases.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Restricted insecticide application: a last mile control option for elimination of acute sleeping sickness and progressive control of African animal trypanosomiasis in South-Eastern Uganda.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the spatio-temporal changes in apparent tsetse fly density in Uganda from 1980 to 2022.Research square · 2025Article
- Prevalence and seasonal variation of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle from north-eastern Uganda.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Optimisation of integrated control of ticks and tsetse flies in mixed game and livestock interfaces in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Trypanocide usage in the cattle belt of southwestern Uganda.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The economic cost of bovine trypanosomosis in pastoral and ago pastoral communities surrounding Murchision Falls National park, Buliisa district, Uganda.BMC veterinary research · 2022Article
- Investigation on Prevalence of Canine Trypanosomiasis in the Conservation Areas of Bwindi-Mgahinga and Queen Elizabeth in Western Uganda.Journal of parasitology research · 2022Article
- The cost of tsetse control using 'Tiny Targets' in the sleeping sickness endemic forest area of Bonon in Côte d'Ivoire: Implications for comparing costs across different settings.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Use of vector control to protect people from sleeping sickness in the focus of Bonon (Côte d'Ivoire).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Critical Linkages Between Livestock Production, Livestock Trade and Potential Spread of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Uganda: Bioeconomic Herd Modeling and Livestock Trade Analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Controlling Tsetse Flies and Ticks Using Insecticide Treatment of Cattle in Tororo District Uganda: Cost Benefit Analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Experiences of the one-health approach by the Uganda Trypanosomiasis Control Council and its secretariat in the control of zoonotic sleeping sickness in Uganda.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2020Article
- Haemoparasitic Infections in Cattle from aTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2020Article
- Identification of Candidate Signature Genes and Key Regulators Associated With Trypanotolerance in the Sheko Breed.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Article
- African animal trypanosomiasis as a constraint to livestock health and production in Karamoja region: a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment.BMC veterinary research · 2017Article
- Protecting cows in small holder farms in East Africa from tsetse flies by mimicking the odor profile of a non-host bovid.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Evaluating the impact of targeting livestock for the prevention of human and animal trypanosomiasis, at village level, in districts newly affected with T. b. rhodesiense in Uganda.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAfrican trypanosomes constrain livestock and human health in Sub-Saharan Africa, and aggravate poverty and hunger of these otherwise largely livestock-keeping communities. To solve this, there is need to develop and use effective and cheap tsetse control methods. To this end, we aimed at determining the smallest proportion of a cattle herd that needs to be sprayed on the legs, bellies and ears (RAP) for effective Human and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (HAT/AAT) control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: Cattle in 20 villages were ear-tagged and injected with two doses of diminazene diaceturate (DA) forty days apart, and randomly allocated to one of five treatment regimens namely; no treatment, 25%, 50%, 75% monthly RAP and every 3 month Albendazole drench. Cattle trypanosome re-infection rate was determined by molecular techniques. ArcMap V10.3 was used to map apparent tsetse density (FTD) from trap catches. The effect of graded RAP on incidence risk ratios and trypanosome prevalence was determined using Poisson and logistic random effect models in R and STATA V12.1 respectively. Incidence was estimated at 9.8/100 years in RAP regimens, significantly lower compared to 25.7/100 years in the non-RAP regimens (incidence rate ratio: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.22-0.65; P<0.001). Likewise, trypanosome prevalence after one year of follow up was significantly lower in RAP animals than in non-RAP animals (4% vs 15%, OR: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.08-0.44; P<0.001). Contrary to our expectation, level of protection did not increase with increasing proportion of animals treated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Reduction in RAP coverage did not significantly affect efficacy of treatment. This is envisaged to improve RAP adaptability to low income livestock keepers but needs further evaluation in different tsetse challenge, HAT/AAT transmission rates and management systems before adopting it for routine tsetse control programs.
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