ReviewNew microbes and new infections2014
Multi-drug resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from the Middle East and Central Asia.
Review in New microbes and new infections, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug-resistant enteric fever worldwide, 1990 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Enoxacin adversely affects Salmonella enterica virulence and host pathogenesis through interference with type III secretion system type II (T3SS-II) and disruption of translocation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 (SPI2) effectors.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Antibiotic resistance in the Middle East and Southern Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Typhoidal salmonella disease in Mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi Kenya; carriage, diversity, and antimicrobial resistant genes.PloS one · 2024Article
- A pattern of antibiotic drug resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi among children with enteric fever in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.Croatian medical journal · 2023Article
- Hotspots sequences of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes encoded for fluoroquinolones resistance from local Salmonella Typhi strains in Jakarta.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Detection of multidrug-resistantVeterinary world · 2021Article
- Article
- Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines and Enteric Fever Control: Where to Next?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Discovery of seven novel mutations of gyrB, parC and parE in Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi strains from Jiangsu Province of China.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Phytochemical Composition and Anti-Efflux Pump Activity of Hydroalcoholic, Aqueous, and Hexane Extracts ofIranian journal of public health · 2020Article
- A Global Agenda for Typhoid Control-A Perspective from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Trends in antibiotic susceptibility of enteric fever isolates from South India, 2002-2013.Medical journal, Armed Forces India · 2019Article
- Expansion ofInfection and drug resistance · 2019Article
- Urban Slums: A Supportive Ecosystem for Typhoidal Salmonellae.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Typhoid fever: issues in laboratory detection, treatment options & concerns in management in developing countries.Future science OA · 2018Review
- Typhoid Fever Diagnosis in Endemic Countries: A Clog in the Wheel of Progress?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2018Review
- Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system.Immunology letters · 2017Review
- Vaccination against Salmonella Infection: the Mucosal Way.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2017Review
- Vaccination withVeterinary world · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Typhoid fever is common in developing countries, with an estimated 120 million infections and 700 000 annual deaths, worldwide. Fluoroquinolones have been the treatment of choice for infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). However, alarming reports of fluoroquinolone-resistance and failure of typhoid fever treatment have recently been published. To determine the proportion of S. Typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (RSC) from six countries in the Middle East and Central Asia, 968 S. Typhi isolates collected between 2002 and 2007 from Egypt, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Qatar, Jordan and Iraq were tested for antibiotic susceptibility to five antibiotics using the disc-diffusion method. MDR was defined as resistance to amicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The E-test was employed to determine the MIC of ciprofloxacin only. Nalidixic acid resistance was evaluated as a marker for RSC. Interpretations were made according to CLSI guidelines. MDR strains were considerably more prevalent in Iraq (83%) and Pakistan (52%) compared with the other countries studied (13-52%). Nearly all isolates were susceptible (99.7%) to ceftriaxone. RSC was detected in a total of 218 isolates (22%), mostly from Iraq (54/59, 92%), Uzbekistan (98/123, 80%), Qatar (23/43, 54%) and Pakistan (31/65, 47%). Many of these (21%) were also MDR. Use of nalidixic acid resistance as an indicator for RSC was 99% sensitive and 98% specific. This study reinforces the need for routine antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance of enteric fever isolates and close review of current therapeutic policies in the region.
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