ArticlePloS one2014
A behavioral taxonomy of loneliness in humans and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2020Pooled it
- Loneliness predicts a preference for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Early life stress and altered social behaviors: A perspective across species.Neuroscience research · 2025Review
- Interplay between social isolation and loneliness and chronic systemic inflammation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Results from U-CORONA study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2021Article
- An observational study protocol to explore loneliness and systemic inflammation in an older adult population with chronic venous leg ulcers.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Review
- Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2019Review
- Loneliness in monkeys: Neuroimmune mechanisms.Current opinion in behavioral sciences · 2019Article
- Interindividual differences in neonatal sociality and emotionality predict juvenile social status in rhesus monkeys.Developmental science · 2019Article
- Advances in nonhuman primate models of autism: Integrating neuroscience and behavior.Experimental neurology · 2018Review
- Naturally Occurring Nonhuman Primate Models of Psychosocial Processes.ILAR journal · 2017Review
- Relationships between affiliative social behavior and hair cortisol concentrations in semi-free ranging rhesus monkeys.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2017Article
- Article
- Myeloid differentiation architecture of leukocyte transcriptome dynamics in perceived social isolation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2015Article
- Perceived social isolation, evolutionary fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Review
- The sociality-health-fitness nexus: synthesis, conclusions and future directions.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Review
- Loneliness across phylogeny and a call for comparative studies and animal models.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2015Review
- Toward a neurology of loneliness.Psychological bulletin · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Social relationships endow health and fitness benefits, but considerable variation exists in the extent to which individuals form and maintain salutary social relationships. The mental and physical health effects of social bonds are more strongly related to perceived isolation (loneliness) than to objective social network characteristics. We sought to develop an animal model to facilitate the experimental analysis of the development of, and the behavioral and biological consequences of, loneliness. In Study 1, using a population-based sample of older adults, we examined how loneliness was influenced both by social network size and by the extent to which individuals believed that their daily social interactions reflected their own choice. Results revealed three distinct clusters of individuals: (i) individuals with large networks who believed they had high choice were lowest in loneliness, (ii) individuals with small social networks who believed they had low choice were highest in loneliness, and (iii) the remaining two groups were intermediate and equivalent in loneliness. In Study 2, a similar three-group structure was identified in two separate samples of adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living in large social groups: (i) those high in sociability who had complex social interaction with a broad range of social partners (putatively low in loneliness), (ii) those low in sociability who showed tentative interactions with certain classes of social partners (putatively high in loneliness), and (iii) those low in sociability who interacted overall at low levels with a broad range of social partners (putatively low or intermediate in loneliness). This taxonomy in monkeys was validated in subsequent experimental social probe studies. These results suggest that, in highly social nonhuman primate species, some animals may show a mismatch between social interest and social attainment that could serve as a useful animal model for experimental and mechanistic studies of loneliness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.