Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25352560›Full record

ArticleTobacco control2015

Changes in tar yields and cigarette design in samples of Chinese cigarettes, 2009 and 2012.

Liane M Schneller, Benjamin A Zwierzchowski, Rosalie V Caruso, Qiang Li, Jiang Yuan, Geoffrey T Fong, Richard J O'Connor

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Tobacco control, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Impact of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on U.S. Smokers' Perceptions and Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Liane M SchnellerDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Benjamin A ZwierzchowskiDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Rosalie V CarusoDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Qiang LiDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Jiang YuanChinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
Geoffrey T FongDepartment of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Richard J O'ConnorDepartment of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.

Funding

Variation in Cigarettes, Tobacco use Behaviors and Exposures in ITC CountriesP01CA138389 · NCI · ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP · PI CUMMINGS, KENNETH MICHAEL · 2009 to 2013
$13.4M
Project 3: Policy Effects on Cigarette Design, Emissions &BehaviorP50CA111236 · NCI · ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE CORP · PI CUMMINGS, KENNETH MICHAEL · 2004 to 2009
$8.2M
International Tobacco Policy SurveyR01CA100362 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO · PI FONG, GEOFFREY T · 2005 to 2013
$4.7M
Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation in China and South Korea: The ITC Asia ProjectR01CA125116 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO · PI FONG, GEOFFREY T · 2007 to 2011
$2.8M
CIHR 115016CIHR 57897CIHR 79551NCI NIH HHS P01 CA138389NCI NIH HHS P50 CA111236NCI NIH HHS R01 CA100362NCI NIH HHS R01 CA125116
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundChina is home to the greatest number of smokers as well as the greatest number of smoking-related deaths. An active and growing market of cigarettes marketed as 'light' or 'low tar' may keep health-concerned smokers from quitting, wrongly believing that such brands are less harmful.

objectiveThis study sought to observe changes in cigarette design characteristics and reported tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels in a sample of cigarette brands obtained in seven Chinese cities from 2009 to 2012.

methodsCigarettes were purchased and shipped to Roswell Park Cancer Institute, where 91 pairs of packs were selected for physical cigarette design characteristic testing and recording of TNCO values. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, and was initially characterised using descriptive statistics, correlations and generalised estimating equations to observe changes in brand varieties over time.

findingsReported TNCO values on packs saw mean tar, nicotine and CO levels decrease from 2009 to 2012 by 7.9%, 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively. Ventilation was the only cigarette design feature that significantly changed over time (p<0.001), with an increase of 31.7%. Significant predictors of tar and CO yield overall were ventilation and per-cigarette tobacco weight, while for nicotine tobacco moisture was also an independent predictor of yield.

conclusionsThe use of ventilation to decrease TNCO emissions is misleading smokers to believe that they are smoking a 'light/low' tar cigarette that is healthier, and is potentially forestalling the quitting behaviours that would begin to reduce the health burden of tobacco in China, and so should be prohibited.

Indexed as

Carbon MonoxideChinaCommerceHumansNicotineProduct LabelingTarsTobacco ProductsCarbon MonoxideNicotineTarsLow/Middle income countryPublic policySurveillance and monitoring

Identifiers

PMID25352560
PMCPMC4693290

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.