Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25352269›Full record

Observational studyBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2014

Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies.

Karl Michaëlsson, Alicja Wolk, Sophie Langenskiöld, Samar Basu, Eva Warensjö Lemming, Håkan Melhus, Liisa Byberg

Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03821116 (Milk and Soured Milk), which is not on this map. Cited by 166 papers, 23 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
166citing papers in PubMed, 23 pooled it
39.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03821116 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Milk and Soured Milk (filmjölk) Intervention on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: A Randomized Crossover Intervention Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorUppsala UniversityRan2019 to 2020Enrolled84ConditionsOxidative Stress, InflammationArmsMilk, Soured milk (filmjölk)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

166 citing papers in PubMed, 23 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 374 citations in OpenAlex.

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  2. The doseFrontiers in nutrition · 2026
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  5. Association between total and animal proteins with risk of fracture: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2024
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  14. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between dairy consumption and the risk of hip fracture: critical interpretation of the currently available evidence.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2020
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106 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Karl MichaëlssonDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden karl.michaelsson@surgsci.uu.se.
Alicja WolkInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sophie LangenskiöldDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Samar BasuDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Eva Warensjö LemmingDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Swedish National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
Håkan MelhusDepartment of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Liisa BybergDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
Uppsala University · SEKarolinska Institutet · SENational Food Administration · SE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine whether high milk consumption is associated with mortality and fractures in women and men.

designCohort studies.

settingThree counties in central Sweden.

participantsTwo large Swedish cohorts, one with 61,433 women (39-74 years at baseline 1987-90) and one with 45,339 men (45-79 years at baseline 1997), were administered food frequency questionnaires. The women responded to a second food frequency questionnaire in 1997.

main outcome measureMultivariable survival models were applied to determine the association between milk consumption and time to mortality or fracture.

resultsDuring a mean follow-up of 20.1 years, 15,541 women died and 17,252 had a fracture, of whom 4259 had a hip fracture. In the male cohort with a mean follow-up of 11.2 years, 10,112 men died and 5066 had a fracture, with 1166 hip fracture cases. In women the adjusted mortality hazard ratio for three or more glasses of milk a day compared with less than one glass a day was 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.80 to 2.06). For every glass of milk, the adjusted hazard ratio of all cause mortality was 1.15 (1.13 to 1.17) in women and 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) in men. For every glass of milk in women no reduction was observed in fracture risk with higher milk consumption for any fracture (1.02, 1.00 to 1.04) or for hip fracture (1.09, 1.05 to 1.13). The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios in men were 1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) and 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07). In subsamples of two additional cohorts, one in males and one in females, a positive association was seen between milk intake and both urine 8-iso-PGF2α (a biomarker of oxidative stress) and serum interleukin 6 (a main inflammatory biomarker).

conclusionsHigh milk intake was associated with higher mortality in one cohort of women and in another cohort of men, and with higher fracture incidence in women. Given the observational study designs with the inherent possibility of residual confounding and reverse causation phenomena, a cautious interpretation of the results is recommended.

Indexed as

Drinking BehaviorMortalityAdultAgedAnimalsDietDiet SurveysFemaleFollow-Up StudiesFractures, BoneHumansMaleMiddle AgedMilkMultivariate AnalysisProspective Studies

Identifiers

PMID25352269
PMCPMC4212225
OpenAlexW2146867215

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.